Immunogenic wt-1 peptides and methods of use thereof

ABSTRACT

This invention provides peptides, immunogenic compositions and vaccines, and methods of treating, reducing the incidence of, and inducing immune responses to a WT1-expressing cancer, comprising heteroclitic peptides derived from the WT-1 protein.

GOVERNMENT SUPPORT

This application was supported by grant P01 23766 from the National Institutes of Health. The government has rights in this invention.

FIELD OF INVENTION

This invention provides peptides, compositions and vaccines comprising same, and methods of treating, reducing the incidence of, and inducing immune responses to a WT1-expressing cancer, comprising administering same.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Wilms tumor (WT), a pediatric nephroblastoma that occurs with a frequency of 1 in 10,000 births, has been the subject of intense clinical and basic research for several years. The tumor is embryonic in origin, it is detected in children usually during the first 5 years of life and can occur unilaterally or bilaterally. A WT arises when condensed metanephric mesenchymal cells of the developing kidney fail to properly differentiate. The implication of the Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) tumor suppressor gene in the etiology of WT illustrated the impact that genetic alterations can have on both development and tumorigenesis.

Wilms tumor protein I (WT1) is a zinc finger transcription factor expressed during normal ontogenesis such as in fetal kidney, testis and ovary. In adults, WTI expression is limited to low levels on hematopoietic stem cells, myoepithelial progenitor cells, renal podocytes and some cells in testis and ovary. Recent demonstration that WTI is over expressed in several types of leukemia suggested that WTI would be an attractive target for immunotherapy for various cancers.

The Wilms' tumor oncogene protein (WT1) is an attractive target for immunotherapy for leukemias and a wide range of cancers. Peptides derived from the WT1 protein have been identified that induce HLA-A0201-restricted cytotoxic CD8 T cells, capable of killing tumor cells. Two peptides that bind to HLA-A0201 (RMFPNAPYL; SEQ ID NO:56) or HLA-A2402 (CMTWNQMNL; SEQ ID NO:57) have been extensively studied worldwide and have been in clinical trials in patients with leukemia and other solid tumors (Oka et al., Scientific World Journal 2007; 7: 649-665; Mundlos et al. Development 1993; 119:1329-41; Keilholz et al. Leukemia 2005; 19: 1318-1323). These results are encouraging and have provided strong evidence and a rational for therapeutic targeting of the WT1-derived T cell epitopes for leukemias and a wide range of human cancers.

The therapeutic application of the above two WT1-derived peptides is limited to the people who are HLA-A0201, an HLA haplotype found in about 40% of Caucasians and HLA-A2402, a found haplotype in about 40% of Japanese and other Asian populations. Therefore, there is an unmet need for WT1-derived peptides that might be used for most of the world's populations. To extend the therapeutic application in a broader range of population, novel peptides derived from WT1 protein that bind to multiple HLA haplotypes are desired. Such peptides would therefore be capable of stimulating T cells from a larger percentage of the target population, allowing a vaccine strategy that would address a large segment of the population, with durable cytotoxic memory cells.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention provides peptides, compositions, and immunogenic compositions such as vaccines comprising immunogenic peptides, and methods of treating, reducing the incidence of, and inducing immune responses to a WT1-expressing cancer, comprising administering immunogenic peptides, or stimulating T cells outside of a human patient that can then be infused into the patient for treatment.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides an isolated peptide having an amino acid (AA) sequence consisting of any one of the sequences SEQ ID NO:6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 and 55. In one embodiment, the present invention provides an isolated HLA class I binding peptide having an amino acid (AA) sequence consisting of any one of the sequences SEQ ID NO:6, 7, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42, 47 and 48. In one embodiment, the present invention provides an isolated HLA class II binding WT1 peptide having an amino acid (AA) sequence consisting of any one of the sequences SEQ ID NO: 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 39, 43, 44, 46, 49, 50 and 55.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides an isolated peptide having an amino acid (AA) sequence consisting of any one of the sequences SEQ ID NO:6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 and 55, or a fragment of any one of the foregoing. In one embodiment, the present invention provides an isolated HLA class I binding peptide having an amino acid (AA) sequence consisting of any one of the sequences SEQ ID NO:6, 7, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42, 47 and 48 or a fragment of any one of the foregoing. In one embodiment, the present invention provides an isolated HLA class II binding WT1 peptide having an amino acid (AA) sequence consisting of any one of the sequences SEQ ID NO: 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 39, 43, 44, 46, 49, 50 and 55 or a fragment of any one of the foregoing.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a composition comprising (a) an antigen-presenting cell and (b) a peptide selected from SEQ ID NO:6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 and 55. In another embodiment, the present invention provides a composition comprising (a) an antigen-presenting cell and (b) an HLA class I binding peptide selected from SEQ ID NO: 6, 7, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42, 47 and 48. In another embodiment, the present invention provides a composition comprising (a) an antigen-presenting cell and (b) an HLA class II binding peptide selected from SEQ ID NO: 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 39, 43, 44, 46, 49, 50 and 55.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a vaccine comprising one or more peptides of SEQ ID NO: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 and 55. In another embodiment, the present invention provides a vaccine comprising one or more HLA class I binding peptides selected from SEQ ID NO: 6, 7, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42, 47 and 48. In another embodiment, the present invention provides a vaccine comprising one or more HLA class II binding peptides selected from SEQ ID NO 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 39, 43, 44, 46, 49, 50 and 55. In another embodiment, the present invention provides a vaccine comprising one or more HLA class I binding peptides selected from SEQ ID NO: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 and 55, and one or more HLA class II binding peptides selected from SEQ ID NO: 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 39, 43, 44, 46, 49, 50 and 55.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating a subject with a WT1-expressing cancer, the method comprising administering to the subject a peptide or vaccine of the present invention, thereby treating a subject with a WT1-expressing cancer.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of reducing the incidence of a WT1-expressing cancer, or its relapse, in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a peptide or vaccine of the present invention, thereby reducing the incidence of a WT1-expressing cancer, or its relapse, in a subject.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of inducing an anticancer immune response in a subject, the method comprising the step of contacting the subject with an immunogenic composition comprising (a) a WT1 protein; (b) a modified fragment of a WT protein; (c) a nucleotide molecule encoding a WT1 protein; or (d) a nucleotide molecule encoding a modified fragment of a WT1 protein, thereby inducing an anti-mesothelioma immune response in a subject. In one embodiment, the modified fragment of a WT1 protein consists of a peptide or comprises a peptide from among SEQ ID NO: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 and 55.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating a subject with a cancer, the method comprising the step of administering to the subject an immunogenic composition comprising (a) a WT1 protein; (b) a modified fragment of a WT protein; (c) a nucleotide molecule encoding a WT1 protein; or (d) a nucleotide molecule encoding a modified fragment of a WT1 protein, thereby treating a subject with a mesothelioma. In one embodiment, the modified fragment of a WT1 protein is a peptide from among SEQ ID NO: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 and 55.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of reducing an incidence of a cancer, or its relapse, in a subject, the method comprising the step of administering to the subject an immunogenic composition comprising (a) a WT1 protein; (b) a modified fragment of a WT protein; (c) a nucleotide molecule encoding a WT1 protein; or (d) a nucleotide molecule encoding a modified fragment of a WT1 protein, thereby reducing an incidence of a mesothelioma, or its relapse, in a subject. In one embodiment, the fragment of a WT1 protein is a peptide from among SEQ ID NO: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 and 55.

In another embodiment, the cancer is a WT1-expressing cancer. In one embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is an acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is associated with a myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is an MDS. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a Wilms' tumor. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a leukemia. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a hematological cancer. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a lymphoma. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a desmoplastic small round cell tumor. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a mesothelioma. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a malignant mesothelioma. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a gastric cancer. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a colon cancer. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a lung cancer. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a breast cancer. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a germ cell tumor. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is an ovarian cancer. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a uterine cancer. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a thyroid cancer. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a hepatocellular carcinoma. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a thyroid cancer. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a liver cancer. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a renal cancer. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a Kaposi's sarcoma. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a sarcoma. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is any other carcinoma or sarcoma.

In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a solid tumor. In another embodiment, the solid tumor is associated with a WT1-expressing cancer. In another embodiment, the solid tumor is associated with a myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). In another embodiment, the solid tumor is associated with a non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In another embodiment, the solid tumor is associated with a lung cancer. In another embodiment, the solid tumor is associated with a breast cancer. In another embodiment, the solid tumor is associated with a colorectal cancer. In another embodiment, the solid tumor is associated with a prostate cancer. In another embodiment, the solid tumor is associated with an ovarian cancer. In another embodiment, the solid tumor is associated with a renal cancer. In another embodiment, the solid tumor is associated with a pancreatic cancer. In another embodiment, the solid tumor is associated with a brain cancer. In another embodiment, the solid tumor is associated with a gastrointestinal cancer. In another embodiment, the solid tumor is associated with a skin cancer. In another embodiment, the solid tumor is associated with a melanoma.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a composition comprising an isolated peptide of the invention in combination with at least 1 additional peptide. In certain embodiments, a composition comprising at least 2 different isolated peptides of the present invention is provided. In certain embodiments, a composition comprising at least 3 or at least 4 different isolated peptides of the present invention is provided. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention. In certain embodiments, the composition of the present invention is a vaccine.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating a subject with a WT1-expressing cancer, the method comprising administering to the subject a peptide or composition of the present invention, thereby treating a subject with a WT1-expressing cancer.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of reducing the incidence of a WT1-expressing cancer, or its relapse, in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a peptide or composition of the present invention, thereby reducing the incidence of a WT1-expressing cancer, or its relapse, in a subject.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of inducing formation and proliferation of a WT1 protein-specific CTL, the method comprising contacting a lymphocyte population with a peptide or composition of the present invention, thereby inducing formation and proliferation of a WT1 protein-specific CTL. This method can be conducted in vitro, ex vivo or in vivo. When conducted in vitro or ex vivo, these CTL can then be infused into a patient for therapeutic effect.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of inducing formation and proliferation of (a) a WT1 protein-specific CD8⁺ lymphocyte; or (b) a CD4⁺ lymphocyte specific for the WT1 protein, or the combination thereof, the method f contacting a lymphocyte population with a peptide or composition of the present invention, thereby inducing formation and proliferation of (a) a WT1 protein-specific CD8⁺ lymphocyte; or (b) a CD4⁺ lymphocyte specific for the WT1 protein; or a combination thereof. This method can be conducted in vitro, ex vivo or in vivo. When conducted in vitro or ex vivo, these CTL can then be infused into a patient for therapeutic effect.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

So that the matter in which the above-recited features, advantages and objects of the invention, as well as others which will become clear, are attained and can be understood in detail, more particular descriptions of the invention are briefly summarized. Details of the above may be had by reference to certain embodiments thereof, which are illustrated in the appended drawings. These drawings form a part of the specification. It is to be noted; however, that the appended drawings illustrate preferred embodiments of the invention and therefore are not to be considered limiting in their scope. In the figures herein, the set of clustered data bars in the graphs for each peptide are presented in the same order from left to right as in shown the figure legend from top to bottom.

FIG. 1 shows the results of a T2 stabilization assay showing that binding of NLMNLGATL peptide to HLA-A2 molecule is stronger than NQMNLGATL and NYMNLGATL peptides. Native NQMNLGATL, heteroclitic NLMNLGATL or NYMNLGATL was pulsed onto T2 cells at the indicated concentrations as described in the Materials and methods. The stabilization of the HLA-A2 molecule by the peptides was measured by the expression of HLA-A2 molecule;

FIG. 2 A-B show that NLMNLGATL peptide induces strong peptide-specific T cell response which cross-reacts to its native sequence NQMNLGATL. For each peptide, the bars represent, from left to right, CD14, Native peptide, NLMNLGATL and PSMA, respectively. CD3 T cells from a healthy HLA-A0201 homozygous donor was stimulated with either NQM or NLMNLGATL peptide for 3 (A) or 5 (B) rounds. The peptide-specific response was measured by the IFN-g secretion upon challenged with individual peptide. Each data point represents average+/−SD from triplicate cultures;

FIG. 3 shows that NLMNLGATL peptide induces cytotoxicity of T cells against WT1+HLA-A0201+ leukemia cells. The T cells from an HLA-A0201 positive donor were stimulated with NLMNLGATL peptide for 5 rounds. The cytotoxicity of the cells were measured by 5 hr-⁵¹Cr release assay against AML cell line SET-2 (WT1+, HLA-A0201+), HL-60 (WT1+, HLA-A0201−) or primary leukemia blasts from a HLA-A2 positive patient. Each data point represents average+/−SD from triplicate cultures;

FIG. 4 A-B show peptide-specific T cell response in HLA-A2402 donor. CD3 T cells from a healthy HLA-A2402 homozygous donor was stimulated with NQMNLGATL, NLMNLGATL or NYMNLGATL peptides for 3 (A) or 5 (B) rounds. For each peptide, the bars represent, from left to right, CD14, Native peptide, NLMNLGATL, and irrelevant peptide, respectively. The peptide-specific response was measured by the IFN-g secretion upon challenged with individual peptide. Each data point represents average+/−SD from triplicate cultures;

FIG. 5 A-B show HLA-DR.B1 peptide-specific T cell responses. (A). CD3 T cells were stimulated with DR-het-1 or DR-het-2 peptide for 5 rounds and the epitope-specific response was measured by IFN-g Elispot assay. For each peptide, the bars represent, from left to right, CD14, Native peptide, NLMNLGATL, WT1-CMT, PSMA, DR-Nat-1/Nat-2, DR-het-1/het-2, B2A2L, BA25 and HL-60, respectively. (B). CD3 T cells were stimulated with short peptides NQMNLGATL, NLMNLGATL and long peptides DR-native-1, DR-native-2, DR-het-1 or DR-het-2 peptide for 5 rounds and the cytotoxicity was measured by ⁵¹Cr-release assay, against Leukemia cell line BA-25 (HLA-A2+/A24+, WT1+) and the control HL-60 cells. Each data point represents average+/−SD from triplicate cultures;

FIG. 6 depicts CD3 T cells from a HLA-B0702-positive donor were stimulated with 2 sets of peptides (total five) for 5 times in vitro. The peptide-specific response was measured by IFN-gamma ELISPOT assay, against individual peptide; peptides tested from left to right are SEQ ID NOS:34, 37, 38, 30 and 31; and for each peptide, the bars represent, from left to right, responses to CD14, Native-1 peptide, Het-1 to Native-1, Het-2 to Native-1, Native-2, Het-1 to Native-2 and control, respectively; and

FIG. 7 depicts the results of an ELISPOT assay using donor SA (5 stimulations) for the Het-1 (SEQ ID NO:6) and Het-2 (SEQ ID NO:7) A24 peptide, in comparison to the native sequence (SEQ ID NO:5). For each peptide, the bars represent, from left to right, CD14, A24-native peptide, A24-het-1, A24-het-2, A24-235, and PSMA, respectively. The heteroclitic peptides generate cross-reactive responses.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

This invention provides immunogenic peptides, and compositions and vaccines comprising immunogenic peptides, and methods of treating, reducing the incidence of, and inducing immune responses to a WT1-expressing cancer, comprising administering one or more immunogenic peptides.

This invention provides synthetic peptides and methods of treating, reducing the incidence of, and inducing immune responses against a WT1-expressing cancer, comprising immunogenic peptides.

The WT1 molecule from which the peptides of the present invention are derived has, in another embodiment, the sequence:

(SEQ ID NO: 51) 1 SRQRPHPGAL RNPTACPLPH FPPSLPPTHS PTHPPRAGTA AQAPGPRRLL 51 AAILDFLLLQ DPASTCVPEP ASQHTLRSGP GCLQQPEQQG VRDPGGIWAK 101 LGAAEASAER LQGRRSRGAS GSEPQQMGSD VRDLNALLPA VPSLGGGGGC 151 ALPVSGAAQW APVLDFAPPG ASAYGSLGGP APPPAPPPPP PPPPHSFIKQ 201 EPSWGGAEPH EEQCLSAFTV HFSGQFTGTA GACRYGPFGP PPPSQASSGQ 251 ARMFPNAPYL PSCLESQPAI RNQGYSTVTF DGTPSYGHTP SHHAAQFPNH 301 SFKHEDPMGQ QGSLGEQQYS VPPPVYGCHT PTDSCTGSQA LLLRTPYSSD 351 NLYQMTSQLE CMTWNQMNLG ATLKGVAAGS SSSVKWTEGQ SNHSTGYESD 401 NHTTPILCGA QYRIHTHGVF RGIQDVRRVP GVAPTLVRSA SETSEKRPFM 451 CAYPGCNKRY FKLSHLQMHS RKHTGEKPYQ CDFKDCERRF SRSDQLKRHQ 501 RRHTGVKPFQ CKTCQRKFSR SDHLKTHTRT HTGKTSEKPF SCRWPSCQKK 551 FARSDELVRH HNMHQRNMTK LQLAL.

The foregoing sequence of the WT-1 protein is that published by Gessler et al. (Gessler M, Poustka A, Cavenee W, Neve R L, Orkin S H, Bruns G A. Homozygous deletion in Wilms tumours of a zinc-finger gene identified by chromosome jumping. Nature. 1990; 343(6260):774-778. Prepublished on 1990 Feb. 22 as DOI 10.1038/343774a0.) which comprises 575 amino acids and includes the first 126 amino acids in the N-terminus missing in the (Exon 5+, KTS+) isoform of WT-116.

In another embodiment, the WT1 sequence is

(GenBank Accession number AY245105; SEQ ID NO: 52) MGSDVRDLNALLPAVPSLGGGGGCALPVSGAAQWAPVLDFAPPGASAYGS  LGGPAPPPAPPPPPPPPPHSFIKQEPSWGGAEPHEEQCLSAFTVHFSGQF  TGTAGACRYGPFGPPPPSQASSGQARMFPNAPYLPSCLESQPAIRNGYST VTFDGTPSYGHTPSHHAAQFPNHSFKHEDPMQGQQGSLGEQQYSVPPPVY GCHTPTDSCTGSQALLLRTPYSSDNLYQMTSQLECMTWNQMNLGATLKGV AAGSSSSVKWTEGQSNHSTGYESDNHTTPILCGAQYRIHTHGVFRGIQDV RRVPGVAPTLVRSASETSEKRPFMCAYPGCNKRYFKLSHLQMHSRKHTGE KPYQCDFKDCERRFSRSDQLKRHQRRHTGVKPFQCKTCQRKFSRSDHLKT HTRTHTGKTSEKPFSCRWPSCQKKFARSDELVRHHNMHQRNMTKLQLAL.

In another embodiment, the WT1 molecule has the sequence:

(GenBank Accession number NM_000378; SEQ ID NO: 53) AAEASAERLQGRRSRGASGSEPQQMGSDVRDLNALLPAVPSLGGGGGCA LPVSGAAQWAPVLDFAPPGASAYGSLGGPAPPPAPPPPPPPPPHSFIKQ EPSWGGAEPHEEQCLSAFTVHFSGQFTGTAGACRYGPFGPPPPSQASSG QARMFPNAPYLPSCLESQPAIRNQGYSTVTFDGTPSYGHTPSHHAAQFP NHSFKHEDPMGQQGSLGEQQYSVPPPVYGCHTPTDSCTGSQALLLRTPY SSDNLYQMTSQLECMTWNQMNLGATLKGHSTGYESDNHTTPILCGAQYR IHTHGVFRGIQDVRRVPGVAPTLVRSASETSEKRPFMCAYPGCNKRYFK LSHLQMHSRKHTGEKPYQCDFKDCERRFSRSDQLKRHQRRHTGVKPFQC KTCQRKFSRSDHLKTHTRTHTGEKPFSCRWPSCQKKFARSDELVRHHNM HQRNMTKLQLAL.

In another embodiment, the WT1 molecule has the sequence:

(GenBank Accession number NP_077742; SEQ ID No: 54) MQDPASTCVPEPASQHTLRSGPGCLQQPEQQGVRDPGGIWAKLGAAEA SAERLQGRRSRGASGSEPQQMGSDVRDLNALLPAVPSLGGGGGCALPV SGAAQWAPVLDFAPPGASAYGSLGGPAPPPAPPPPPPPPPHSFIKQEP SWGGAEPHEEQCLSAFTVHFSGQFTGTAGACRYGPFGPPPPSQASSGQ ARMFPNAPYLPSCLESQPAIRNQGYSTVTFDGTPSYGHTPSHHAAQFP NHSFKHEDPMGQQGSLGEQQYSVPPPVYGCHTPTDSCTGSQALLLRTP YSSDNLYQMTSQLECMTWNQMNLGATLKGVAAGSSSSVKWTEGQSNHS TGYESDNHTTPILCGAQYRIHTHGVFRGIQDVRRVPGVAPTLVRSASE TSEKRPFMCAYPGCNKRYFKLSHLQMHSRKHTGEKPYQCDFKDCERRF SRSDQLKRHQRRHTGVKPFQCKTCQRKFSRSDHLKTHTRTHTGEKPFS CRWPSCQKKFARSDELVRHHNMHQRNMTKLQLAL.

In another embodiment, the WT1 protein has the sequence set forth in GenBank Accession #NM_024426. In other embodiments, the WT1 protein has or comprises one of the sequences set forth in one of the following sequence entries: NM_024425, NM_024424, NM_000378, 595530, D13624, D12496, D 12497, or X77549. In another embodiment, the WT1 protein has any other WT1 sequence known in the art. This invention provides peptides, compositions, and immunogenic compositions such as vaccines comprising immunogenic peptides, and methods of treating, reducing the incidence of, and inducing immune responses to a WT1-expressing cancer, comprising administering immunogenic peptides. In some cases, the peptides described herein are derived from peptides that are native sequences of WT1, and may be referred to herein as WT1-derived peptides or as a WT1 peptide.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides an isolated WT1 peptide having an amino acid (AA) sequence consisting of any one of the sequences SEQ ID NO:6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 and 55. In one embodiment, the present invention provides an isolated HLA class I binding WT1 peptide having an amino acid (AA) sequence consisting of any one of the sequences SEQ ID NO:6, 7, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42, 47 and 48. In one embodiment, the present invention provides an isolated HLA class II binding WT1 peptide having an amino acid (AA) sequence consisting of any one of the sequences SEQ ID NO:8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 39, 43, 44, 46, 49, 50 and 55. In another embodiment the HLA class I peptides consist of or comprise SEQ ID NO:6, 7, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42, 47 and 48, and the HLA class II peptide consists of or comprises SEQ ID NO:8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 39, 43, 44, 46, 49, 50 and 55.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides an isolated WT1 peptide having an amino acid (AA) sequence comprising any one of the sequences SEQ ID NO:6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 and 55, or a fragment thereof. In one embodiment, the present invention provides an isolated HLA class I binding WT1-derived peptide having an amino acid (AA) sequence comprising of any one of the sequences SEQ ID NO:6, 7, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42, 47 and 48. In one embodiment, the present invention provides an isolated HLA class II binding WT1 peptide having an amino acid (AA) sequence comprising of any one of the sequences SEQ ID NO:8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 39, 43, 44, 46, 49, 50 and 55. In another embodiment the HLA class I peptides consist of or comprise SEQ ID NO:6, 7, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42, 47 and 48, and the HLA class II peptide consists of or comprises SEQ ID NO:8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 39, 43, 44, 46, 49, 50 and 55.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a composition comprising (a) an antigen-presenting cell and (b) a peptide selected from SEQ ID NO: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 and 55. In another embodiment, the present invention provides a composition comprising (a) an antigen-presenting cell and (b) an HLA class I binding peptide selected from SEQ ID NO:6, 7, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42, 47 and 48. In another embodiment, the present invention provides a composition comprising (a) an antigen-presenting cell and (b) an HLA class II binding peptide selected from SEQ ID NO: 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 39, 43, 44, 46, 49, 50 and 55. In another embodiment the HLA class I peptides consist of or comprise SEQ ID NO:6, 7, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42, 47 and 48, and the HLA class II peptide consists of or comprises SEQ ID NO:8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 39, 43, 44, 46, 49, 50 and 55.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a vaccine comprising one or more peptides of SEQ ID NO:6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 and 55. In another embodiment, the present invention provides a vaccine comprising one or more HLA class I binding peptides selected from SEQ ID NO:6, 7, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42, 47 and 48. In another embodiment, the present invention provides a vaccine comprising one or more HLA class II binding peptides selected from SEQ ID NO: 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 39, 43, 44, 46, 49, 50 and 55. In another embodiment, the present invention provides a vaccine comprising one or more HLA class I binding peptides selected from SEQ ID NO:6, 7, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42, 47 and 48, and one or more HLA class II binding peptides selected from SEQ ID NO: 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 39, 43, 44, 46, 49, 50 and 55. In another embodiment the HLA class I peptides consist of or comprise SEQ ID NO:6, 7, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42, 47 and 48, and the HLA class II peptide consists of or comprises SEQ ID NO:8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 39, 43, 44, 46, 49, 50 and 55.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating a subject with a WT1-expressing cancer, the method comprising administering to the subject a WT1 peptide or vaccine of the present invention, thereby treating a subject with a WT1-expressing cancer.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of reducing the incidence of a WT1-expressing cancer, or its relapse, in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a WT1 peptide or vaccine of the present invention, thereby reducing the incidence of a WT1-expressing cancer, or its relapse, in a subject.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of inducing an anticancer immune response in a subject, the method comprising the step of contacting the subject with an immunogenic composition comprising (a) a WT1 protein; (b) a fragment of a WT protein; (c) a nucleotide molecule encoding a WT1 protein; or (d) a nucleotide molecule encoding a fragment of a WT1 protein, thereby inducing an anti-mesothelioma immune response in a subject. In one embodiment, the fragment of a WT1 protein consists of a peptide or comprises a peptide from among SEQ ID NO:6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 and 55. In another embodiment the fragment consists of a peptide or comprises a peptide from among SEQ ID NO:6, 7, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42, 47 and 48, or SEQ ID NO: 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 39, 43, 44, 46, 49, 50 and 55.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating a subject with a cancer, the method comprising the step of administering to the subject an immunogenic composition comprising (a) a WT1 protein; (b) a fragment of a WT protein; (c) a nucleotide molecule encoding a WT1 protein; or (d) a nucleotide molecule encoding a fragment of a WT1 protein, thereby treating a subject with a mesothelioma. In one embodiment, the fragment of a WT1 protein is a peptide from among SEQ ID NO:6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 and 55. In another embodiment the fragment consists of a peptide or comprises a peptide from among SEQ ID NO:6, 7, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42, 47 and 48, or SEQ ID NO: 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 39, 43, 44, 46, 49, 50 and 55. In another embodiment the HLA class I peptides consist of or comprise SEQ ID NO:6, 7, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42, 47 and 48, and the HLA class II peptide consists of or comprises SEQ ID NO:8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 39, 43, 44, 46, 49, 50 and 55.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of reducing an incidence of a cancer, or its relapse, in a subject, the method comprising the step of administering to the subject an immunogenic composition comprising (a) a WT1 protein; (b) a fragment of a WT protein; (c) a nucleotide molecule encoding a WT1 protein; or (d) a nucleotide molecule encoding a fragment of a WT1 protein, thereby reducing an incidence of a mesothelioma, or its relapse, in a subject. In one embodiment, the fragment of a WT1 protein is a peptide from among SEQ ID NO:6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 and 55. In another embodiment the fragment consists of a peptide or comprises a peptide from among SEQ ID NO:6, 7, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42, 47 and 48, or SEQ ID NO: 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 39, 43, 44, 46, 49, 50 and 55. In another embodiment the HLA class I peptides consist of or comprise SEQ ID NO:6, 7, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42, 47 and 48, and the HLA class II peptide consists of or comprises SEQ ID NO:8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 39, 43, 44, 46, 49, 50 and 55.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating a subject with a WT1-expressing cancer, the method comprising administering to the subject a WT1 peptide or vaccine of the present invention, thereby treating a subject with a WT1-expressing cancer.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of reducing the incidence of a WT1-expressing cancer, or its relapse, in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a WT1 peptide or vaccine of the present invention, thereby reducing the incidence of a WT1-expressing cancer, or its relapse, in a subject.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of inducing an anticancer immune response in a subject, the method comprising the step of contacting the subject with an immunogenic composition comprising (a) a WT1 protein; (b) a fragment of a WT protein; (c) a nucleotide molecule encoding a WT1 protein; or (d) a nucleotide molecule encoding a fragment of a WT1 protein, thereby inducing an anti-mesothelioma immune response in a subject. In one embodiment, the fragment of a WT1 protein is a peptide from among SEQ ID NO:6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 and 55. In another embodiment the fragment consists of a peptide or comprises a peptide from among SEQ ID NO:6, 7, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42, 47 and 48, or SEQ ID NO: 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 39, 43, 44, 46, 49, 50 and 55. In another embodiment the HLA class I peptides consist of or comprise SEQ ID NO:6, 7, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42, 47 and 48, and the HLA class II peptide consists of or comprises SEQ ID NO:8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 39, 43, 44, 46, 49, 50 and 55.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating a subject with a cancer, the method comprising the step of administering to the subject an immunogenic composition comprising (a) a WT1 protein; (b) a fragment of a WT protein; (c) a nucleotide molecule encoding a WT1 protein; or (d) a nucleotide molecule encoding a fragment of a WT1 protein, thereby treating a subject with a mesothelioma. In one embodiment, the fragment of a WT1 protein is a peptide from among SEQ ID NO:6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 and 55.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of reducing an incidence of a cancer, or its relapse, in a subject, the method comprising the step of administering to the subject an immunogenic composition comprising (a) a WT1 protein; (b) a fragment of a WT protein; (c) a nucleotide molecule encoding a WT1 protein; or (d) a nucleotide molecule encoding a fragment of a WT1 protein, thereby reducing an incidence of a mesothelioma, or its relapse, in a subject. In one embodiment, the fragment of a WT1 protein is a peptide from among SEQ ID NO:6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 and 55.

In another embodiment, the cancer is a WT1-expressing cancer. In one embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is an acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is associated with a myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is an MDS. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a Wilms' tumor. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a leukemia. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a hematological cancer. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a lymphoma. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a desmoplastic small round cell tumor. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a mesothelioma. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a malignant mesothelioma. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a gastric cancer. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a colon cancer. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a lung cancer. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a breast cancer. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a germ cell tumor. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is an ovarian cancer. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a uterine cancer. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a thyroid cancer. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a hepatocellular carcinoma. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a thyroid cancer. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a liver cancer. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a renal cancer. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a Kaposi's sarcoma. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a sarcoma. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is any other carcinoma or sarcoma.

In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a solid tumor. In another embodiment, the solid tumor is associated with a WT1-expressing cancer. In another embodiment, the solid tumor is associated with a myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). In another embodiment, the solid tumor is associated with a non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In another embodiment, the solid tumor is associated with a lung cancer. In another embodiment, the solid tumor is associated with a breast cancer. In another embodiment, the solid tumor is associated with a colorectal cancer. In another embodiment, the solid tumor is associated with a prostate cancer. In another embodiment, the solid tumor is associated with an ovarian cancer. In another embodiment, the solid tumor is associated with a renal cancer. In another embodiment, the solid tumor is associated with a pancreatic cancer. In another embodiment, the solid tumor is associated with a brain cancer. In another embodiment, the solid tumor is associated with a gastrointestinal cancer. In another embodiment, the solid tumor is associated with a skin cancer. In another embodiment, the solid tumor is associated with a melanoma.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a composition comprising an isolated peptide of the invention in combination with at least 1 additional WT1-derived peptide. In certain embodiments, a composition comprising at least 2 different isolated peptides of the present invention is provided. In certain embodiments, a composition comprising at least 3 or at least 4 different isolated peptides of the present invention is provided. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention. In certain embodiments, the composition of the present invention is a vaccine.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating a subject with a WT1-expressing cancer, the method comprising administering to the subject a peptide or composition of the present invention, thereby treating a subject with a WT1-expressing cancer.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of reducing the incidence of a WT1-expressing cancer, or its relapse, in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a peptide or composition of the present invention, thereby reducing the incidence of a WT1-expressing cancer, or its relapse, in a subject.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of inducing formation and proliferation of a WT1 protein-specific CTL, the method comprising contacting a lymphocyte population with a peptide or composition of the present invention, thereby inducing formation and proliferation of a WT1 protein-specific CTL. This method can be conducted in vitro, ex vivo or in vivo. When conducted in vitro or ex vivo, these CTL can then be infused into a patient for therapeutic effect.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of inducing formation and proliferation of (a) a WT1 protein-specific CD8⁺ lymphocyte; or (b) a CD4⁺ lymphocyte specific for the WT1 protein, or the combination thereof, the method comprising contacting a lymphocyte population with a peptide or composition of the present invention, thereby inducing formation and proliferation of (a) a WT1 protein-specific CD8⁺ lymphocyte; or (b) a CD4⁺ lymphocyte specific for the WT1 protein; or a combination thereof. This method can be conducted in vitro, ex vivo or in vivo. When conducted in vitro or ex vivo, these CTL can then be infused into a patient for therapeutic effect.

“Peptide,” in another embodiment of methods and compositions of the present invention, refers to a compound of subunit AA connected by peptide bonds. In another embodiment, the peptide comprises an AA analogue. In another embodiment, the peptide comprises a peptidomimetic. The different AA analogues and peptidomimetics that can be included in the peptides of methods and compositions of the present invention are enumerated hereinbelow. The subunits are, in another embodiment, linked by peptide bonds. In another embodiment, the subunit is linked by another type of bond, e.g. ester, ether, etc. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

The unaltered peptides of the present invention (as described both above and below) are referred to collectively herein as “WT1 peptides.” Each of the embodiments enumerated below for “WT1 peptides” applies to unaltered WT1 peptides and HLA class I and class II heteroclitic peptides of the present invention. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, a WT1 peptide of the present invention binds to an HLA class I molecule or a class II molecule. In another embodiment the peptide binds to both a class I and a class II molecule. In another embodiment, the HLA class II molecule is an HLA-DRB molecule. In another embodiment, the HLA class II-molecule is an HLA-DRA molecule. In another embodiment, the HLA molecule is an HLA-DQA1 molecule. In another embodiment, the HLA molecule is an HLA-DQB1 molecule. In another embodiment, the HLA molecule is an HLA-DPA1 molecule. In another embodiment, the HLA molecule is an HLA-DPB 1 molecule. In another embodiment, the HLA molecule is an HLA-DMA molecule. In another embodiment, the HLA molecule is an HLA-DMB molecule. In another embodiment, the HLA molecule is an HLA-DOA molecule. In another embodiment, the HLA molecule is an HLA-DOB molecule. In another embodiment, the HLA molecule is any other HLA class Il-molecule known in the art. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the HLA class I molecule whose binding motif is contained in or comprising a peptide of the present invention is, in another embodiment, an HLA-A molecule. In another embodiment, the HLA class I molecule is an HLA-B molecule. In another embodiment, the HLA class I molecule is an HLA-C molecule. In another embodiment, the HLA class I molecule is an HLA-A0201 molecule. In another embodiment, the molecule is HLA A1. In another embodiment, the HLA class I molecule is HLA A2. In another embodiment, the HLA class I molecule is HLA A2.1. In another embodiment, the HLA class I molecule is HLA A3. In another embodiment, the HLA class I molecule is HLA A3.2. In another embodiment, the HLA class I molecule is HLA A11. In another embodiment, the HLA class I molecule is HLA A24. In another embodiment, the HLA class I molecule is HLA B7. In another embodiment, the HLA class I molecule is HLA B27. In another embodiment, the HLA class I molecule is HLA B8. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the HLA class I molecule-binding WT1-derived peptide of methods and compositions of the present invention binds to a superfamily of HLA class I molecules. In another embodiment, the superfamily is the A2 superfamily. In another embodiment, the superfamily is the A3 superfamily. In another embodiment, the superfamily is the A24 superfamily. In another embodiment, the superfamily is the B7 superfamily. In another embodiment, the superfamily is the B27 superfamily. In another embodiment, the superfamily is the B44 superfamily. In another embodiment, the superfamily is the C1 superfamily. In another embodiment, the superfamily is the C4 superfamily. In another embodiment, the superfamily is any other superfamily known in the art. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the HLA molecule is a A0101, A0201, A0203, A2402, A6901, B0702, A3101, B3501, B3503, B3508, B3802, B3801, B3901, B4001, B4402, B4701, B5701, C0401, C1701, DRB₁0101, DRB₁0402, DRB₁0402, DRB₁0401 or DRB₁1104 molecule. In another embodiment, the peptides of SEQ ID NO:6, 7, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42, 47 and 48, and SEQ ID NO: 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 39, 43, 44, 46, 49, 50 and 55, bind to the HLA class I or class II molecules described for each peptide in the Tables below. In another embodiment the HLA class I peptides consist of or comprise SEQ ID NO:6, 7, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42, 47 and 48, and the HLA class II peptide consists of or comprises SEQ ID NO:8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 39, 43, 44, 46, 49, 50 and 55, and bind to the corresponding HLA molecule or molecules indicated for each peptide in the tables below. In one embodiment, certain peptides can bind to more than one HLA allele.

In another embodiment, a modification of a peptide of the invention is provided. In one embodiment the modification comprises at least one heteroclitic amino acid change, also referred to as a mutation or mutated, or an anchor residue mutation (see below). An HLA class I molecule binding motif of a modified peptide of the present invention exhibits an increased affinity for the HLA class I molecule, relative to the unmutated counterpart of the peptide. In another embodiment, the point mutation increases the affinity of the isolated, mutated WT1-derived peptide for the HLA class I molecule. In another embodiment, the increase in affinity is relative to the affinity (for the same HLA class I molecule) of the isolated, unmutated WT1-derived peptide wherefrom the isolated, mutated WT1-derived peptide was derived. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, a WT1 peptide of methods and compositions of the present invention is so designed as to exhibit affinity for an HLA molecule. In another embodiment, the affinity is a high affinity, as described herein.

HLA molecules, known in another embodiment as major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, bind peptides and present them to immune cells. Thus, in another embodiment, the immunogenicity of a peptide is partially determined by its affinity for HLA molecules. HLA class I molecules interact with CD8 molecules, which are generally present on cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). HLA class II molecules interact with CD4 molecules, which are generally present on helper T lymphocytes.

In another embodiment, a peptide of the present invention is immunogenic. In another embodiment, “immunogenic” refers to an ability to stimulate, elicit or participate in an immune response. In another embodiment, the immune response elicited is a cell-mediated immune response. In another embodiment, the immune response is a combination of cell-mediated and humoral responses.

In another embodiment, T cells that bind to the MHC molecule-peptide complex become activated and induced to proliferate and lyse cells expressing a protein comprising the peptide. T cells are typically initially activated by “professional” antigen presenting cells (“APC”; e.g. dendritic cells, monocytes, and macrophages), which present costimulatory molecules that encourage T cell activation as opposed to anergy or apoptosis. In another embodiment, the response is heteroclitic, as described herein, such that the CTL lyses a neoplastic cell expressing a protein which has an AA sequence homologous to a peptide of this invention, or a different peptide than that used to first stimulate the T cell.

In another embodiment, an encounter of a T cell with a peptide of this invention induces its differentiation into an effector and/or memory T cell. Subsequent encounters between the effector or memory T cell and the same peptide, or, in another embodiment, with a related peptide of this invention, leads to a faster and more intense immune response. Such responses are gauged, in another embodiment, by measuring the degree of proliferation of the T cell population exposed to the peptide. In another embodiment, such responses are gauged by any of the methods enumerated hereinbelow.

In another embodiment, the peptides of methods and compositions of the present invention bind an HLA class II molecule with high affinity. In other embodiments, the HLA class II molecule is any HLA class II molecule enumerated herein. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, derivatives of peptides of methods and compositions of the present invention bind an HLA class I molecule with high affinity. In other embodiments, the MHC class I molecule is any MHC class I molecule enumerated herein. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, a peptide of methods and compositions of the present invention binds an HLA class II molecule with significant affinity, while a peptide derived from the original peptide binds an HLA class I molecule with significant affinity.

In another embodiment, “affinity” refers to the concentration of peptide necessary for inhibiting binding of a standard peptide to the indicated MHC molecule by 50%. In another embodiment, “high affinity” refers to an affinity is such that a concentration of about 500 nanomolar (nM) or less of the peptide is required for 50% inhibition of binding of a standard peptide. In another embodiment, a concentration of about 400 nM or less of the peptide is required. In another embodiment, the binding affinity is 300 nM. In another embodiment, the binding affinity is 200 nM. In another embodiment, the binding affinity is 150 nM. In another embodiment, the binding affinity is 100 nM. In another embodiment, the binding affinity is 80 nM. In another embodiment, the binding affinity is 60 nM. In another embodiment, the binding affinity is 40 nM. In another embodiment, the binding affinity is 30 nM. In another embodiment, the binding affinity is 20 nM. In another embodiment, the binding affinity is 15 nM. In another embodiment, the binding affinity is 10 nM. In another embodiment, the binding affinity is 8 nM. In another embodiment, the binding affinity is 6 nM. In another embodiment, the binding affinity is 4 nM. In another embodiment, the binding affinity is 3 nM. In another embodiment, the binding affinity is 2 nM. In another embodiment, the binding affinity is 1.5 nM. In another embodiment, the binding affinity is 1 nM. In another embodiment, the binding affinity is 0.8 nM. In another embodiment, the binding affinity is 0.6 nM. In another embodiment, the binding affinity is 0.5 nM. In another embodiment, the binding affinity is 0.4 nM. In another embodiment, the binding affinity is 0.3 nM. In another embodiment, the binding affinity is less than 0.3 nM.

In another embodiment, “affinity” refers to a measure of binding strength to the MHC molecule. In another embodiment, affinity is measured using a method known in the art to measure competitive binding affinities. In another embodiment, affinity is measured using a method known in the art to measure relative binding affinities. In another embodiment, the method is a competitive binding assay. In another embodiment, the method is radioimmunoassay or RIA. In another embodiment, the method is BiaCore analyses. In another embodiment, the method is any other method known in the art. In another embodiment, the method yields an IC50 in relation to an IC50 of a reference peptide of known affinity.

Each type of affinity and method of measuring affinity represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, “high affinity” refers to an IC50 of 0.5-500 nM. In another embodiment, the IC50 is 1-300 nM. In another embodiment, the IC50 is 1.5-200 nM. In another embodiment, the IC50 is 2-100 nM. In another embodiment, the IC50 is 3-100 nM. In another embodiment, the IC50 is 4-100 nM. In another embodiment, the IC50 is 6-100 nM. In another embodiment, the IC50 is 10-100 nM. In another embodiment, the IC50 is 30-100 nM. In another embodiment, the IC50 is 3-80 nM. In another embodiment, the IC50 is 4-60 nM. In another embodiment, the IC50 is 5-50 nM. In another embodiment, the IC50 is 6-50 nM. In another embodiment, the IC50 is 8-50 nM. In another embodiment, the IC50 is 10-50 nM. In another embodiment, the IC50 is 20-50 nM. In another embodiment, the IC50 is 6-40 nM. In another embodiment, the IC50 is 8-30 nM. In another embodiment, the IC50 is 10-25 nM. In another embodiment, the IC50 is 15-25 nM. Each affinity and range of affinities represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, a peptide of methods and compositions of the present invention binds to a superfamily of HLA molecules. Superfamilies of HLA molecules share very similar or identical binding motifs. In another embodiment, the superfamily is a HLA class I superfamily. In another embodiment, the superfamily is a HLA class II superfamily. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

The terms “HLA-binding peptide,” “HLA class I molecule-binding peptide,” and “HLA class II molecule-binding peptide” refer, in another embodiment, to a peptide that binds an HLA molecule with measurable affinity. In another embodiment, the terms refer to a peptide that binds an HLA molecule with high affinity. In another embodiment, the terms refer to a peptide that binds an HLA molecule with sufficient affinity to activate a T cell precursor. In another embodiment, the terms refer to a peptide that binds an HLA molecule with sufficient affinity to mediate recognition by a T cell. The HLA molecule is, in other embodiments, any of the HLA molecules enumerated herein. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

“Heteroclitic” refers, in another embodiment, to a peptide that generates an immune response that recognizes the original peptide from which the heteroclitic peptide was derived (e.g. the peptide not containing the anchor residue or other residue mutations). In another embodiment, “original peptide” refers to a peptide of the present invention. In another embodiment, “heteroclitic” refers to a peptide that generates an immune response that recognizes the original peptide from which the heteroclitic peptide was derived, wherein the immune response generated by vaccination with the heteroclitic peptide is greater than the immune response generated by vaccination with the original peptide. In another embodiment, a “heteroclitic” immune response refers to an immune response that recognizes the original peptide from which the improved peptide was derived (e.g. the peptide not containing the anchor residue mutations). In another embodiment, a “heteroclitic” immune response refers to an immune response that recognizes the original peptide from which the heteroclitic peptide was derived, wherein the magnitude of the immune response generated by vaccination with the heteroclitic peptide is greater than the immune response generated by vaccination with the original peptide. In another embodiment, the magnitude of the immune response generated by vaccination with the heteroclitic peptide is greater than the immune response substantially equal to the response to vaccination with the original peptide. In another embodiment, the magnitude of the immune response generated by vaccination with the heteroclitic peptide is greater than the immune response less than the response to vaccination with the original peptide. In another embodiment, a heteroclitic peptide of the present invention is an HLA class I heteroclitic peptide. Methods for identifying HLA class I and class II residues, and for improving HLA binding by mutating the residues, are well known in the art, as described below. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, a heteroclitic peptide of the present invention induces an immune response that is increased at least 2-fold relative to the WT1 peptide from which the heteroclitic peptide was derived (“native peptide”). In another embodiment, the increase is 3-fold relative to the native peptide. In another embodiment, the increase is 5-fold relative to the native peptide. In another embodiment, the increase is 7-fold relative to the native peptide. In another embodiment, the increase is 10-fold relative to the native peptide. In another embodiment, the increase is 15-fold relative to the native peptide. In another embodiment, the increase is 20-fold relative to the native peptide. In another embodiment, the increase is 30-fold relative to the native peptide. In another embodiment, the increase is 50-fold relative to the native peptide. In another embodiment, the increase is 100-fold relative to the native peptide. In another embodiment, the increase is 150-fold relative to the native peptide. In another embodiment, the increase is 200-fold relative to the native peptide. In another embodiment, the increase is 300-fold relative to the native peptide. In another embodiment, the increase is 500-fold relative to the native peptide. In another embodiment, the increase is 1000-fold relative to the native peptide. In another embodiment, the increase is more than 1000-fold relative to the native peptide. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a HLA class II heteroclitic peptide derived from an isolated WT1 peptide of the present invention. In another embodiment, the process of deriving comprises introducing a mutation that enhances a binding of the peptide to an HLA class II molecule. In another embodiment, the process of deriving consists of introducing a mutation that enhances a binding of the peptide to an HLA class I molecule. In another embodiment, the mutation is in an HLA class II anchor residue. In another embodiment, a heteroclitic class II peptide of the present invention is identified and tested in a manner analogous to identification and testing of HLA class I heteroclitic peptides, as exemplified herein. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the HLA class II binding site in a peptide of the present invention is created or improved by mutation of an HLA class II motif anchor residue. In another embodiment, the anchor residue that is modified is in the P1 position. In another embodiment, the anchor residue is at the P2 position. In another embodiment, the anchor residue is at the P6 position. In another embodiment, the anchor residue is at the P9 position. In another embodiment, the anchor residue is selected from the P1, P2, P6, and P9 positions. In another embodiment, the anchor residue is at the P3 position. In another embodiment, the anchor residue is at the P4 position. In another embodiment, the anchor residue is at the P5 position. In another embodiment, the anchor residue is at the P6 position. In another embodiment, the anchor residue is at the P8 position. In another embodiment, the anchor residue is at the P10 position. In another embodiment, the anchor residue is at the P11 position. In another embodiment, the anchor residue is at the P12 position. In another embodiment, the anchor residue is at the P13 position. In another embodiment, the anchor residue is at any other anchor residue of an HLA class II molecule that is known in the art. In another embodiment, residues other than P1, P2, P6, and P9 serve as secondary anchor residues; therefore, mutating them can improve HLA class II binding. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, a heteroclitic peptide is generated by introduction of a mutation that creates an anchor motif. “Anchor motifs” or “anchor residues” refers, in another embodiment, to 1 or a set of preferred residues at particular positions in an HLA-binding sequence. In another embodiment, the

HLA-binding sequence is an HLA class II-binding sequence. In another embodiment, the HLA-binding sequence is an HLA class I-binding sequence. In another embodiment, the positions corresponding to the anchor motifs are those that play a significant role in binding the HLA molecule. In another embodiment, the anchor residue is a primary anchor motif. In another embodiment, the anchor residue is a secondary anchor motif. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

Methods for predicting MHC class I and II epitopes are well known in the art. In one embodiment, the software of the Bioinformatics & Molecular Analysis Section (National Institutes of Health, Washington, D.C.) available at http://bimas.dcrt.nih.gov/cgi-bin/molbio/ken parker comboform is useful. This software ranks 9-mer or 10-mer peptides on a predicted half-time dissociation coefficient from HLA class I molecules (Pinilla, et al. Curr Opin Immunol, 11 (2): p. 193-202 (1999)). In another embodiment, MHC class II epitope is predicted using TEPITOPE (Meister G E, Roberts C G et al, Vaccine 1995 13: 581-91). In another embodiment, the MHC class II epitope is predicted using EpiMatrix (De Groot A S, Jesdale B M et al, AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1997 13: 529-31). In another embodiment, the MHC class II epitope is predicted using the Predict Method (Yu K, Petrovsky N et al, Mol Med. 2002 8: 137-48). In another embodiment, the MHC class II epitope is predicted using the SYFPEITHI epitope prediction algorithm (Examples). In another embodiment, the MHC class II epitope is predicted using Rankpep. In another embodiment, the MHC class II epitope is predicted using any other method known in the art. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, in the case of HLA class II-binding peptides (e.g. HLA-DR-binding peptides), the anchor residue that is modified is in the P1 position. In another embodiment, the anchor residue is in the P2 position. In another embodiment, the anchor residue is in the P6 position. In another embodiment, the anchor residue is in the P9 position. In other embodiments, the anchor residue is the P3, P4, P5, P6, P8, P10, P11, P12, or P13 position. In another embodiment, the anchor residue is any other anchor residue of an HLA class II molecule that is known in the art. In another embodiment, residues other than P1, P2, P6, and P9 serve as secondary anchor residues; therefore, mutating them can improve HLA class II binding. In another embodiment, any combination of the above residues is mutated. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, a WT1 peptide of the present invention binds to 2 distinct HLA class II molecules. In another embodiment, the peptide binds to three distinct HLA class II molecules. In another embodiment, the peptide binds to four distinct HLA class II molecules. In another embodiment, the peptide binds to five distinct HLA class II molecules. In another embodiment, the peptide binds to six distinct HLA class II molecules. In another embodiment, the peptide binds to more than six distinct HLA class II molecules.

In another embodiment, the HLA class II molecules that are bound by a WT1 peptide of the present invention are encoded by two or more distinct alleles at a given HLA class II locus. In another embodiment, the HLA class II molecules are encoded by 3 distinct alleles at a locus. In another embodiment, the HLA class II molecules are encoded by 4 distinct alleles at a locus. In another embodiment, the HLA class II molecules are encoded by 5 distinct alleles at a locus. In another embodiment, the HLA class II molecules are encoded by 6 distinct alleles at a locus. In another embodiment, the HLA class II molecules are encoded by more than six distinct alleles at a locus.

In another embodiment, the HLA class II molecules bound by the WT1 peptide are encoded by HLA class II genes at 2 distinct loci. In another embodiment, the HLA molecules bound are encoded by HLA class II genes at 2 or more distinct loci. In another embodiment, the HLA molecules bound are encoded by HLA class II genes at 3 distinct loci. In another embodiment, the HLA molecules bound are encoded by HLA class II genes at 3 or more distinct loci. In another embodiment, the HLA molecules bound are encoded by HLA class II genes at 4 distinct loci. In another embodiment, the HLA molecules bound are encoded by HLA class II genes at 4 or more distinct loci. In another embodiment, the HLA molecules bound are encoded by HLA class II genes at more than 4 distinct loci. In other embodiments, the loci are selected from HLA-DRB loci. In another embodiment, the HLA class II-binding peptide is an HLA-DRA binding peptide. In another embodiment, the peptide is an HLA-DQA1 binding peptide. In another embodiment, the peptide is an HLA-DQB 1 binding peptide. In another embodiment, the peptide is an HLA-DPA1 binding peptide. In another embodiment, the peptide is an HLA-DPB 1 binding peptide. In another embodiment, the peptide is an HLA-DMA binding peptide. In another embodiment, the peptide is an HLA-DMB binding peptide. In another embodiment, the peptide is an HLA-DOA binding peptide. In another embodiment, the peptide is an HLA-DOB binding peptide. In another embodiment, the peptide binds to any other HLA class II molecule known in the art. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, a WT1 peptide of the present invention binds to 2 distinct HLA-DRB molecules. In another embodiment, the peptide binds to 3 distinct HLA-DRB molecules. In another embodiment, the peptide binds to 4 distinct HLA-DRB molecules. In another embodiment, the peptide binds to 5 distinct HLA-DRB molecules. In another embodiment, the peptide binds to 6 distinct HLA-DRB molecules. In another embodiment, the peptide binds to more than 6 distinct HLA-DRB molecules.

In another embodiment, a WT1 peptide of the present invention binds to HLA-DRB molecules that are encoded by 2 distinct HLA-DRB alleles. In another embodiment, the HLA-DRB molecules are encoded by 3 distinct HLA-DRB alleles. In another embodiment, the HLA-DRB molecules are encoded by 4 distinct HLA-DRB alleles. In another embodiment, the HLA-DRB molecules are encoded by 5 distinct HLA-DRB alleles. In another embodiment, the HLA-DRB molecules are encoded by 6 distinct HLA-DRB alleles. In another embodiment, the HLA-DRB molecules are encoded by more than 6 distinct HLA-DRB alleles. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, a WT1 peptide of the present invention binds to HLA-DRB molecules that are encoded by 2 distinct HLA-DRB alleles selected from DRB 101, DRB 301, DRB 401, DRB 701, DRB 1101, and DRB 1501. In another embodiment, the WT1 peptide binds to HLA-DRB molecules encoded by 3 distinct HLA-DRB alleles selected from DRB 101, DRB 301, DRB 401, DRB 701, DRB 1101, and DRB 1501. In another embodiment, the WT1 peptide binds to HLA-DRB molecules encoded by 4 distinct HLA-DRB alleles selected from DRB 101, DRB 301, DRB 401, DRB 701, DRB 1101, and DRB 1501. In another embodiment, the WT1 peptide binds to HLA-DRB molecules encoded by 5 distinct HLA-DRB alleles selected from DRB 101, DRB 301, DRB 401, DRB 701, DRB 1101, DRB 1104 and DRB 1501. In another embodiment, the WT1 peptide binds to HLA-DRB molecules encoded by each of the following HLA-DRB alleles: DRB 101, DRB 301, DRB 401, DRB 701, DRB 1101, and DRB 1501. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a composition comprising 2 distinct WT1 peptides of the present invention. In another embodiment, the 2 distinct WT1 peptides are both unaltered. In another embodiment, 1 of the WT1 peptides is unaltered, while the other is heteroclitic. In another embodiment, both of the WT1 peptides are heteroclitic.

In another embodiment, the composition comprises 3 distinct WT1 peptides of the present invention. In another embodiment, the composition comprises 4 distinct WT1 peptides of the present invention. In another embodiment, the composition comprises 5 distinct WT1 peptides of the present invention. In another embodiment, the composition comprises more than 5 distinct isolated WT1 peptides of the present invention.

In another embodiment, 2 of the WT1 peptides in the composition are unaltered. In another embodiment, 2 of the WT1 peptides in the composition are heteroclitic. In another embodiment, 2 of the WT1 peptides in the composition are unaltered, and 2 are heteroclitic. In another embodiment, more than 2 of the WT1 peptides in the composition are unaltered. In another embodiment, more than 2 of the WT1 peptides in the composition are heteroclitic. In another embodiment, more than 2 of the WT1 peptides in the composition are unaltered, and more than 2 are heteroclitic. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, 1 of the additional WT1 peptides in a composition of the present invention has a sequence selected from the sequences set forth in SEQ ID No: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 and 55. In another embodiment, 2 of the additional WT1 peptides have a sequence selected from the sequences set forth in SEQ ID No: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 and 55. In another embodiment, 3 of the additional WT1 peptides have a sequence selected from the sequences set forth in SEQ ID No: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 and 55.

In another embodiment, any other immunogenic WT1 peptide known in the art is utilized as an additional WT1 peptide. In another embodiment, any combination of immunogenic WT1 peptides known in the art is utilized. Non-limiting sources of other WT1 peptides include WO2005053618, WO2007047764 and WO2007120673.

Each additional WT1 peptide, and each combination thereof, represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, a composition of the present invention contains 2 HLA class II heteroclitic peptides that are derived from the same isolated WT1 peptide of the present invention. In another embodiment, the 2 HLA class II heteroclitic peptides contain mutations in different HLA class II molecule anchor residues. In another embodiment, the 2 HLA class II heteroclitic peptides contain different mutations in the same anchor residues. In another embodiment, 2 of the HLA class II heteroclitic peptides are derived from different isolated WT1 peptides of the present invention. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, 2 WT1 peptides of the present invention, or the WT1 peptides that correspond to two HLA class II heteroclitic peptides of the present invention, overlap with one another. In another embodiment, the overlap between the peptides is at least 7 amino acids (AA). In another embodiment, the overlap is at least 8 AA. In another embodiment, the overlap is at least 9 AA. In another embodiment, the overlap is 7 AA. In another embodiment, the overlap is 8 AA. In another embodiment, the overlap is 9 AA. In another embodiment, the overlap is 10 AA. In another embodiment, the overlap is 11 AA. In another embodiment, the overlap is 12 AA. In another embodiment, the overlap is 13 AA. In another embodiment, the overlap is 14 AA. In another embodiment, the overlap is 15 AA. In another embodiment, the overlap is 16 AA. In another embodiment, the overlap is more than 16 AA. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the peptides in a composition of the present invention bind to 2 distinct HLA class II molecules. In another embodiment, the peptides bind to 3 distinct HLA class II molecules. In another embodiment, the peptides bind to 4 distinct HLA class II molecules. In another embodiment, the peptides bind to 5 distinct HLA class II molecules. In another embodiment, the peptides bind to more than 5 distinct HLA class II molecules. In another embodiment, the peptides in the composition bind to the same HLA class II molecules.

In another embodiment, each of the WT 1 peptides in a composition of the present invention binds to a set of HLA class II molecules. In another embodiment, each of the WT1 peptides binds to a distinct set of HLA class II molecules. In another embodiment, the WT1 peptides in the composition bind to the same set of HLA class II molecules. In another embodiment, 2 of the WT1 peptides bind to a distinct but overlapping set of HLA class II molecules. In another embodiment, 2 or more of the WT1 peptides bind to the same set of HLA class II molecules, while another of the WT1 peptides binds to a distinct set. In another embodiment, 2 or more of the WT1 peptides bind to an overlapping set of HLA class II molecules, while another of the WT1 peptides binds to a distinct set.

In another embodiment, 2 or more of the WT1 peptides in a composition of the present invention each binds to more than 1 HLA-DRB molecule. In another embodiment, the 4 or more HLA-DRB molecules bound by the peptides in the composition are distinct from one another. In another embodiment, the HLA-DRB molecules are encoded by different HLA-DRB alleles. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, 2 or more of the HLA class II molecules bound by WT1 peptides in a composition of the present invention are HLA-DRB molecules. In another embodiment, 3 or more of the HLA class II molecules that are bound are HLA-DRB molecules. In other embodiments, the HLA class II molecules that are bound can be any of the HLA class II molecules enumerated herein. In another embodiment, the HLA class II molecules that are bound are encoded by 2 or more distinct HLA class II alleles at a given locus. In another embodiment, the HLA class II molecules that are bound are encoded by HLA class II genes at 2 or more distinct loci.

Each of the above compositions represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, a “set of HLA class II molecules” refers to the HLA class II molecules encoded by different alleles at a particular locus. In another embodiment, the term refers to HLA class II molecules with a particular binding specificity. In another embodiment, the term refers to HLA class II molecules with a particular peptide consensus sequence. In another embodiment, the term refers to a superfamily of HLA class II molecules. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a composition comprising an unaltered HLA class II molecule-binding WT1 peptide of the present invention and a second, HLA class I molecule-binding WT1 peptide. In another embodiment, the composition comprises more than 1 HLA class II molecule-binding WT1 peptide of the present invention, in addition to the HLA class I molecule-binding WT1 peptide. In another embodiment, the composition comprises more than 1 HLA class I molecule-binding WT1 peptide, in addition to the HLA class II molecule-binding WT1 peptide. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the AA sequence of the HLA class I molecule-binding WT1 peptide comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID No: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 and 55. In another embodiment, the AA sequence of the HLA class I molecule-binding WT1 peptide is selected from the sequences set forth in SEQ ID No: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 and 55. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the HLA class I molecule-binding WT1 peptide is an HLA class I heteroclitic peptide. In another embodiment, the HLA class I molecule-binding WT1 peptide contains a mutation in an HLA class I molecule anchor residue thereof, as described further herein. As provided herein, WT1-derived peptides were modified in HLA anchor residues to generate heteroclitic peptides with increased predicted binding to HLA-A0201 and HLA-A0301. Peptides with increased predicted binding also exhibited enhanced ability to bind HLA class I molecules and increased immunogenicity.

In another embodiment, the mutation that enhances MHC binding is in the residue at position 1 of the HLA class I heteroclitic peptide. In another embodiment, the residue is changed to tyrosine. In another embodiment, the residue is changed to glycine. In another embodiment, the residue is changed to threonine. In another embodiment, the residue is changed to phenylalanine. In another embodiment, the residue is changed to any other residue known in the art. In another embodiment, a substitution in position 1 (e.g. to tyrosine) stabilizes the binding of the position 2 anchor residue.

In another embodiment, the mutation is in position 2 of the HLA class I heteroclitic peptide. In another embodiment, the residue is changed to leucine. In another embodiment, the residue is changed to valine. In another embodiment, the residue is changed to isoleucine. In another embodiment, the residue is changed to methionine. In another embodiment, the residue is changed to any other residue known in the art.

In another embodiment, the mutation is in position 6 of the HLA class I heteroclitic peptide. In another embodiment, the residue is changed to valine. In another embodiment, the residue is changed to cysteine. In another embodiment, the residue is changed to glutamine. In another embodiment, the residue is changed to histidine. In another embodiment, the residue is changed to any other residue known in the art.

In another embodiment, the mutation is in position 9 of the HLA class I heteroclitic peptide. In another embodiment, the mutation changes the residue at the C-terminal position thereof. In another embodiment, the residue is changed to valine. In another embodiment, the residue is changed to threonine. In another embodiment, the residue is changed to isoleucine. In another embodiment, the residue is changed to leucine. In another embodiment, the residue is changed to alanine. In another embodiment, the residue is changed to cysteine. In another embodiment, the residue is changed to any other residue known in the art.

In another embodiment, the point mutation is in a primary anchor residue. In another embodiment, the HLA class I primary anchor residues are positions 2 and 9. In another embodiment, the point mutation is in a secondary anchor residue. In another embodiment, the HLA class I secondary anchor residues are positions 1 and 8. In another embodiment, the HLA class I secondary anchor residues are positions 1, 3, 6, 7, and 8. In another embodiment, the point mutation is in a position selected from positions 4, 5, and 8. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the point mutation is in 1 or more residues in positions selected from positions 1, 2, 8, and 9 of the HLA class I binding motif. In another embodiment, the point mutation is in 1 or more residues in positions selected from positions 1, 3, 6, and 9. In another embodiment, the point mutation is in 1 or more residues in positions selected from positions 1, 2, 6, and 9. In another embodiment, the point mutation is in 1 or more residues in positions selected from positions 1, 6, and 9. In another embodiment, the point mutation is in 1 or more residues in positions selected from positions 1, 2, and 9. In another embodiment, the point mutation is in 1 or more residues in positions selected from positions 1, 3, and 9. In another embodiment, the point mutation is in 1 or more residues in positions selected from positions 2 and 9. In another embodiment, the point mutation is in 1 or more residues in positions selected from positions 6 and 9. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

Each of the above anchor residues and substitutions represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the HLA class I molecule-binding WT peptide has length of 9 AA. In another embodiment, the peptide has length of 10 AA. As provided herein, native and heteroclitic peptides of 9-10 AA exhibited substantial binding to HLA class I molecules and ability to elicit cytokine secretion and cytolysis by CTL.

In another embodiment, the HLA class I molecule that is bound by the HLA class I molecule-binding WT1 peptide is an HLA-A molecule. In another embodiment, the HLA class I-molecule is an HLA-A2 molecule. In another embodiment, the HLA class I-molecule is an HLA-A3 molecule. In another embodiment, the HLA class I-molecule is an HLA-A11 molecule. In another embodiment, the HLA class I-molecule is an HLA-B 8 molecule. In another embodiment, the HLA class I-molecule is an HLA-0201 molecule. In another embodiment, the HLA class I-molecule binds any other HLA class I molecule known in the art. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, a WT1 peptide of methods and compositions of the present invention has a length of 8-30 amino acids. In another embodiment, the peptide has a length of 9-11 AA. In another embodiment, the peptide ranges in size from 7-25 AA, or in another embodiment, 8-11, or in another embodiment, 8-15, or in another embodiment, 9-20, or in another embodiment, 9-18, or in another embodiment, 9-15, or in another embodiment, 8-12, or in another embodiment, 9-11 AA in length. In another embodiment, the peptide is 8 AA in length, or in another embodiment, 9 AA or in another embodiment, 10 AA or in another embodiment, 12 AA or in another embodiment, 25 AA in length, or in another embodiment, any length therebetween. In another embodiment, the peptide is of greater length, for example 50, or 100, or more. In this embodiment, the cell processes the peptide to a length of 7 and 25 AA in length. In this embodiment, the cell processes the peptide to a length of 9-11 AA Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the peptide is 15-23 AA in length. In another embodiment, the length is 15-24 AA. In another embodiment, the length is 15-25 AA. In another embodiment, the length is 15-26 AA. In another embodiment, the length is 15-27 AA. In another embodiment, the length is 15-28 AA. In another embodiment, the length is 14-30 AA. In another embodiment, the length is 14-29 AA. In another embodiment, the length is 14-28 AA. In another embodiment, the length is 14-26 AA. In another embodiment, the length is 14-24 AA. In another embodiment, the length is 14-22 AA. In another embodiment, the length is 14-20 AA. In another embodiment, the length is 16-30 AA. In another embodiment, the length is 16-28 AA. In another embodiment, the length is 16-26 AA. In another embodiment, the length is 16-24 AA. In another embodiment, the length is 16-22 AA. In another embodiment, the length is 18-30 AA. In another embodiment, the length is 18-28 AA. In another embodiment, the length is 18-26 AA. In another embodiment, the length is 18-24 AA. In another embodiment, the length is 18-22 AA. In another embodiment, the length is 18-20 AA. In another embodiment, the length is 20-30 AA. In another embodiment, the length is 20-28 AA. In another embodiment, the length is 20-26 AA. In another embodiment, the length is 20-24 AA. In another embodiment, the length is 22-30 AA. In another embodiment, the length is 22-28 AA. In another embodiment, the length is 22-26 AA. In another embodiment, the length is 24-30 AA. In another embodiment, the length is 24-28 AA. In another embodiment, the length is 24-26 AA.

Each of the above peptides, peptide lengths, and types of peptides represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, minor modifications are made to peptides of the present invention without decreasing their affinity for HLA molecules or changing their TCR specificity, utilizing principles well known in the art. In the case of HLA class I-binding peptides, “minor modifications” refers, in another embodiment, to e.g. insertion, deletion, or substitution of one AA, inclusive, or deletion or addition of 1-3 AA outside of the residues between 2 and 9, inclusive. While the computer algorithms described herein are useful for predicting the MHC class I-binding potential of peptides, they have 60-80% predictive accuracy; and thus, the peptides should be evaluated empirically before a final determination of MHC class I-binding affinity is made. Thus, peptides of the present invention are not limited to peptides predicated by the algorithms to exhibit strong MHC class I-binding affinity. The types are modifications that can be made are listed below. Each modification represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, a peptide enumerated in the Examples of the present invention is further modified by mutating an anchor residue to an MHC class I preferred anchor residue, which can be, in other embodiments, any of the anchor residues enumerated herein. In another embodiment, a peptide of the present invention containing an MHC class I preferred anchor residue is further modified by mutating the anchor residue to a different MHC class I preferred residue for that location. The different preferred residue can be, in other embodiments, any of the preferred residues enumerated herein.

In another embodiment, the anchor residue that is further modified is in the 1 position. In another embodiment, the anchor residue is in the 2 position. In another embodiment, the anchor residue is in the 3 position. In another embodiment, the anchor residue is in the 4 position. In another embodiment, the anchor residue is in the 5 position. In another embodiment, the anchor residue is in the 6 position. In another embodiment, the anchor residue is in the 7 position. In another embodiment, the anchor residue is in the 8 position. In another embodiment, the anchor residue is in the 9 position. In the case of HLA class I-binding peptides, residues other than 2 and 9 can serve as secondary anchor residues; therefore, mutating them can improve MHC class I binding. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, a peptide of methods and compositions of the present invention is a length variant of a peptide enumerated in the Examples. In another embodiment, the length variant is one amino acid (AA) shorter than the peptide from the Examples. In another embodiment, the length variant is two AA shorter than the peptide from the Examples. In another embodiment, the length variant is more than two AA shorter than the peptide from the Examples. In another embodiment, the shorter peptide is truncated on the N-terminal end. In another embodiment, the shorter peptide is truncated on the C-terminal end. In another embodiment, the truncated peptide is truncated on both the N-terminal and C-terminal ends. Peptides are, in another embodiment, amenable to truncation without changing affinity for HLA molecules, as is well known in the art.

Each of the above truncated peptides represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the length variant is longer than a peptide enumerated in the Examples of the present invention. In another embodiment, the longer peptide is extended on the N-terminal end in accordance with the surrounding WT1 sequence. Peptides are, in another embodiment, amenable to extension on the N-terminal end without changing affinity for HLA molecules, as is well known in the art. Such peptides are thus equivalents of the peptides enumerated in the Examples. In another embodiment, the N-terminal extended peptide is extended by one residue. In another embodiment, the N-terminal extended peptide is extended by two residues. In another embodiment, the N-terminal extended peptide is extended by three residues. In another embodiment, the N-terminal extended peptide is extended by more than three residues.

In another embodiment, the longer peptide is extended on the C terminal end in accordance with the surrounding WT1 sequence. Peptides are, in another embodiment, amenable to extension on the C-terminal end without changing affinity for HLA molecules, as is well known in the art. Such peptides are thus equivalents of the peptides enumerated in the Examples of the present invention. In another embodiment, the C-terminal extended peptide is extended by one residue. In another embodiment, the C-terminal extended peptide is extended by two residues. In another embodiment, the C-terminal extended peptide is extended by three residues. In another embodiment, the C-terminal extended peptide is extended by more than three residues.

In another embodiment, the extended peptide is extended on both the N-terminal and C-terminal ends in accordance with the surrounding WT1 sequence.

Each of the above extended peptides represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, a truncated peptide of the present invention retains the HLA anchor residues (e.g. the HLA class I anchor residues) on the second residue and the C-terminal residue, with a smaller number of intervening residues (e.g., 5) than a peptide enumerated in the Examples of the present invention. Peptides are, in another embodiment, amenable to such mutation without changing affinity for

HLA molecules. In another embodiment, such a truncated peptide is designed by removing one of the intervening residues of one of the above sequences. In another embodiment, the HLA anchor residues are retained on the second and eighth residues. In another embodiment, the HLA anchor residues are retained on the first and eighth residues. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, an extended peptide of the present invention retains the HLA anchor residues (e.g. the HLA class I anchor residues) on the second residue and the C-terminal residue, with a larger number of intervening residues (e.g. 7 or 8) than a peptide enumerated in the Examples of the present invention. In another embodiment, such an extended peptide is designed by adding one or more residues between two of the intervening residues of one of the above sequences. It is well known in the art that residues can be removed from or added between the intervening sequences of HLA-binding peptides without changing affinity for HLA. Such peptides are thus equivalents of the peptides enumerated in the Examples of the present invention. In another embodiment, the HLA anchor residues are retained on the second and ninth residues. In another embodiment, the HLA anchor residues are retained on the first and eighth residues. In another embodiment, the HLA anchor residues are retained on the two residues separated by six intervening residues. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

“Fragment,” in another embodiment, refers to a peptide of 11 or more AA in length. In another embodiment, a peptide fragment of the present invention is 16 or more AA long. In another embodiment, the fragment is 12 or more AA long. In another embodiment, the fragment is 13 or more AA. In another embodiment, the fragment is 14 or more AA. In another embodiment, the fragment is 15 or more AA. In another embodiment, the fragment is 17 or more AA. In another embodiment, the fragment is 18 or more AA. In another embodiment, the fragment is 19 or more AA. In another embodiment, the fragment is 22 or more AA. In another embodiment, the fragment is 8-12 AA. In another embodiment, the fragment is about 8-12 AA. In another embodiment, the fragment is 16-19 AA. In another embodiment, the fragment is about 16-19 AA. In another embodiment, the fragment 10-25 AA. In another embodiment, the fragment is about 10-25 AA. In another embodiment, the fragment has any other length. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

“Fragment of a WT1 protein,” in another embodiment, refers to any of the definitions of “fragment” found herein. Each definition represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, a peptide of the present invention is homologous to a peptide enumerated in the Examples. The terms “homology,” “homologous,” etc., when in reference to any protein or peptide, refer, in another embodiment, to a percentage of amino acid residues in the candidate sequence that are identical with the residues of a corresponding native polypeptide, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent homology, and not considering any conservative substitutions as part of the sequence identity. Methods and computer programs for the alignment are well known in the art.

In another embodiment, the term “homology,” when in reference to any nucleic acid sequence similarly indicates a percentage of nucleotides in a candidate sequence that are identical with the nucleotides of a corresponding native nucleic acid sequence.

Homology is, in another embodiment, determined by computer algorithm for sequence alignment, by methods well described in the art. In other embodiments, computer algorithm analysis of nucleic acid sequence homology includes the utilization of any number of software packages available, such as, for example, the BLAST, DOMAIN, BEAUTY (BLAST Enhanced Alignment Utility), GENPEPT and TREMBL packages.

In another embodiment, “homology” refers to identity to a sequence selected from SEQ ID No: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 and 55 of greater than 70%. In another embodiment, “homology” refers to identity to a sequence selected from SEQ ID No: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 and 55 of greater than 72%. In another embodiment, “homology” refers to identity to one of SEQ ID No: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 and 55 of greater than 75%. In another embodiment, “homology” refers to identity to a sequence selected from SEQ ID No: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 and 55 of greater than 78%. In another embodiment, “homology” refers to identity to one of SEQ ID No: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 and 55 of greater than 80%. In another embodiment, “homology” refers to identity to one of SEQ ID No: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 and 55 of greater than 82%. In another embodiment, “homology” refers to identity to a sequence selected from SEQ ID No: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 and 55 of greater than 83%. In another embodiment, “homology” refers to identity to one of SEQ ID No: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 and 55 of greater than 85%. In another embodiment, “homology” refers to identity to one of SEQ ID No: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 and 55 of greater than 87%. In another embodiment, “homology” refers to identity to a sequence selected from SEQ ID No: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 and 55 of greater than [0128] 88%. In another embodiment, “homology” refers to identity to one of SEQ ID No: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 and 55 of greater than 90%. In another embodiment, “homology” refers to identity to one of SEQ ID No: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 and 55 of greater than 92%. In another embodiment, “homology” refers to identity to a sequence selected from SEQ ID No: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 and 55 of greater than 93%. In another embodiment, “homology” refers to identity to one of SEQ ID No: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 and 55 of greater than 95%. In another embodiment, “homology” refers to identity to a sequence selected from SEQ ID No: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 and 55 of greater than 96%. In another embodiment, “homology” refers to identity to one of SEQ ID No: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 and 55 of greater than 97%. In another embodiment, “homology” refers to identity to one of SEQ ID No: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 and 55 of greater than 98%. In another embodiment, “homology” refers to identity to one of SEQ ID No: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 and 55 of greater than 99%. In another embodiment, “homology” refers to identity to one of SEQ ID No: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 and 55 of 100%. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention. [00114] In another embodiment, homology is determined via determination of candidate sequence hybridization, methods of which are well described in the art (See, for example, “Nucleic Acid Hybridization” Hames, B. D., and Higgins S. J., Eds. (1985); Sambrook et al., 2001, Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Press, N. Y.; and Ausubel et al., 1989, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Green Publishing Associates and Wiley Interscience, N. Y). In another embodiments, methods of hybridization are carried out under moderate to stringent conditions, to the complement of a DNA encoding a native caspase peptide. Hybridization conditions being, for example, overnight incubation at 42<0>C in a solution comprising: 10-20% formamide, 5×SSC (150 mM NaCl, 15 mM trisodium citrate), 50 mM sodium phosphate (pH 7.6), 5×Denhardt's solution, 10% dextran sulfate, and 20 [mu]g/ml denatured, sheared salmon sperm DNA.

Each of the above homologues and variants of peptides enumerated in the Examples represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a composition comprising a peptide of this invention. In another embodiment, the composition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In another embodiment, the composition further comprises an adjuvant. In another embodiment, the composition comprises 2 or more peptides of the present invention. In another embodiment, the composition further comprises any of the additives, compounds, or excipients set forth hereinbelow. In another embodiment, the adjuvant is KLH, QS21, Freund's complete or incomplete adjuvant, aluminum phosphate, aluminum hydroxide, BCG or alum. In other embodiments, the carrier is any carrier enumerated herein. In other embodiments, the adjuvant is any adjuvant enumerated herein. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, this invention provides a vaccine comprising a peptide of this invention. In another embodiment, this invention provides a vaccine comprising an antigen-presenting cell (APC) and a peptide of this invention. In another embodiment, the vaccine further comprises a carrier. In another embodiment, the vaccine further comprises an adjuvant. In another embodiment, the vaccine further comprises an APC. In another embodiment, the vaccine further comprises a combination of more than 1 of an antigen, carrier, and/or APC. In another embodiment, the vaccine is a cell-based composition. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the term “vaccine” refers to a material or composition that, when introduced into a subject, provides a prophylactic or therapeutic response for a particular disease, condition, or symptom of same. In another embodiment, this invention comprises peptide-based vaccines, wherein the peptide comprises any embodiment listed herein, including immunomodulating compounds such as cytokines, adjuvants, etc.

In another embodiment, a vaccine of methods and compositions of the present invention further comprises an adjuvant. In another embodiment, the adjuvant is Montanide ISA 51. Montanide ISA 51 contains a natural metabolizable oil and a refined emulsifier. In another embodiment, the adjuvant is GM-CSF. Recombinant GM-CSF is a human protein grown, in another embodiment, in a yeast (S. cerevisiae) vector. GM-CSF promotes clonal expansion and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells, APC, and dendritic cells and T cells.

In another embodiment, the adjuvant is a cytokine. In another embodiment, the adjuvant is a growth factor. In another embodiment, the adjuvant is a cell population. In another embodiment, the adjuvant is QS21. In another embodiment, the adjuvant is Freund's incomplete adjuvant. In another embodiment, the adjuvant is aluminum phosphate. In another embodiment, the adjuvant is aluminum hydroxide. In another embodiment, the adjuvant is BCG. In another embodiment, the adjuvant is alum.

In another embodiment, the adjuvant is an interleukin. In another embodiment, the adjuvant is a chemokine. In another embodiment, the adjuvant is any other type of adjuvant known in the art. In another embodiment, the WT1 vaccine comprises two the above adjuvants. In another embodiment, the WT1 vaccine comprises more than two the above adjuvants. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In other embodiments, a vaccine or composition of the present invention can comprise any of the embodiments of WT1 peptides of the present invention and combinations thereof. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

It is to be understood that any embodiments described herein, regarding peptides, vaccines and compositions of this invention can be employed in any of the methods of this invention. Each combination of peptide, vaccine, or composition with a method represents an embodiment thereof.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating a subject with a WT1-expressing cancer, the method comprising administering to the subject a WT1 vaccine of the present invention, thereby treating a subject with a WT1-expressing cancer.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating a subject with an MDS, the method comprising administering to the subject a WT1 vaccine of the present invention, thereby treating a subject with an MDS.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of suppressing or halting the progression of a WT1-expressing cancer in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a WT1 vaccine of the present invention, thereby suppressing or halting the progression of a WT1-expressing cancer.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of reducing the incidence of a WT1-expressing cancer in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a WT1 vaccine of the present invention, thereby reducing the incidence of a WT1-expressing cancer in a subject.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of reducing the incidence of an AML in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a WT1 vaccine of the present invention, thereby reducing the incidence of an AML.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of reducing the incidence of relapse of a WT1-expressing cancer in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a WT1 vaccine of the present invention, thereby reducing the incidence of relapse of a WT1-expressing cancer in a subject.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of reducing the incidence of relapse of an AML in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a WT1 vaccine of the present invention, thereby reducing the incidence of relapse of an AML in a subject.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of breaking a T cell tolerance of a subject to a WT1-expressing cancer, the method comprising administering to the subject a WT1 vaccine of the present invention, thereby breaking a T cell tolerance to a WT1-expressing cancer.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating a subject having a WT1-expressing cancer, comprising (a) inducing in a donor formation and proliferation of human cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) that recognize a malignant cell of the cancer by a method of the present invention; and (b) infusing the human CTL into the subject, thereby treating a subject having a cancer.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating a subject having a WT 1-expressing cancer, comprising (a) inducing ex vivo formation and proliferation of human CTL that recognize a malignant cell of the cancer by a method of the present invention, wherein the human immune cells are obtained from a donor; and (b) infusing the human CTL into the subject, thereby treating a subject having a cancer.

Methods for ex vivo immunotherapy are well known in the art and are described, for example, in United States Patent Application Serial Numbers 2006/0057130, 2005/0221481, 2005/0214268, 2003/0175272, 2002/0127718, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,229,115, which are incorporated herein by reference. Additional methods are well known in the art and are described, for example, in Davis I D et al (Blood dendritic cells generated with Flt3 ligand and CD40 ligand prime CD8+ T cells efficiently in cancer patients. J Immunother. 2006 September-October; 29(5):499-511) and Mitchell M S et al (The cytotoxic T cell response to peptide analogs of the HLA-A*0201-restricted MUC1 signal sequence epitope, M1.2. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2006 Jul. 28). Each method represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of inducing the formation and proliferation of CTL specific for cells of a WT1-expressing cancer, the method comprising contacting a lymphocyte population with a vaccine of the present invention. In another embodiment, the vaccine is an APC associated with a peptide of the present invention. In another embodiment, the vaccine is an APC associated with a mixture of peptides of the present invention. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, this invention provides a method of generating a heteroclitic immune response in a subject, wherein the heteroclitic immune response is directed against a WT1-expressing cancer, the method comprising administering to the subject a vaccine of the present invention, thereby generating a heteroclitic immune response.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of inducing an anti-mesothelioma immune response in a subject, the method comprising the step of contacting the subject with an immunogenic composition comprising (a) a WT1 protein; or (b) a fragment of a WT protein, thereby inducing an anti-mesothelioma immune response in a subject. In another embodiment, the mesothelioma is a malignant mesothelioma. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of inducing an anti-mesothelioma immune response in a subject, the method comprising the step of contacting the subject with an immunogenic composition comprising a nucleotide molecule encoding (a) a WT1 protein; or (b) a fragment of a WT1 protein, thereby inducing an anti-mesothelioma immune response in a subject. In another embodiment, the mesothelioma is a malignant mesothelioma. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating a subject with a mesothelioma, the method comprising the step of administering to the subject an immunogenic composition comprising (a) a WT1 protein; or (b) a fragment of a WT protein, thereby treating a subject with a mesothelioma. In another embodiment, the mesothelioma is a malignant mesothelioma. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating a subject with a mesothelioma, the method comprising the step of administering to the subject an immunogenic composition comprising a nucleotide molecule encoding (a) a WT1 protein; or (b) a fragment of a WT1 protein, thereby treating a subject with a mesothelioma. In another embodiment, the mesothelioma is a malignant mesothelioma. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of reducing an incidence of a mesothelioma, or its relapse, in a subject, the method comprising the step of administering to the subject an immunogenic composition comprising (a) a WT1 protein; or (b) a fragment of a WT protein, thereby reducing an incidence of a mesothelioma, or its relapse, in a subject. In another embodiment, the mesothelioma is a malignant mesothelioma. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of reducing an incidence of a mesothelioma, or its relapse, in a subject, the method comprising the step of administering to the subject an immunogenic composition comprising a nucleotide molecule encoding (a) a WT1 protein; or (b) a fragment of a WT1 protein, thereby reducing an incidence of a mesothelioma, or its relapse, in a subject. In another embodiment, the mesothelioma is a malignant mesothelioma. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, a target cell of an immune response elicited by a method of the present invention presents the WT1 peptide of the present invention, or a corresponding WT1 fragment, on an HLA molecule. In another embodiment, the HLA molecule is an HLA class I molecule. In other embodiments, the HLA molecule is any HLA class I subtype or HLA class I molecule known in the art. In another embodiment, the immune response against the WT1 peptide or fragment is a heteroclitic immune response. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is an acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is associated with a myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is an MDS. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a Wilms' tumor. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a leukemia. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a hematological cancer. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a lymphoma. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a desmoplastic small round cell tumor. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a mesothelioma. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a malignant mesothelioma. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a gastric cancer. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a colon cancer. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a lung cancer. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a breast cancer. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a germ cell tumor. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is an ovarian cancer. In another embodiment, the WT 1-expressing cancer is a uterine cancer. In another embodiment, the WT 1-expressing cancer is a thyroid cancer. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a hepatocellular carcinoma. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a thyroid cancer. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a liver cancer. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a renal cancer. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a Kaposi's sarcoma. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a sarcoma. In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is any other carcinoma or sarcoma.

In another embodiment, the WT1-expressing cancer is a solid tumor. In another embodiment, the solid tumor is associated with a WT1-expressing cancer. In another embodiment, the solid tumor is associated with a myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). In another embodiment, the solid tumor is associated with a non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In another embodiment, the solid tumor is associated with a lung cancer. In another embodiment, the solid tumor is associated with a breast cancer. In another embodiment, the solid tumor is associated with a colorectal cancer. In another embodiment, the solid tumor is associated with a prostate cancer. In another embodiment, the solid tumor is associated with an ovarian cancer. In another embodiment, the solid tumor is associated with a renal cancer. In another embodiment, the solid tumor is associated with a pancreatic cancer. In another embodiment, the solid tumor is associated with a brain cancer. In another embodiment, the solid tumor is associated with a gastrointestinal cancer. In another embodiment, the solid tumor is associated with a skin cancer. In another embodiment, the solid tumor is associated with a melanoma.

In another embodiment, a cancer or tumor treated by a method of the present invention is suspected to express WT1. In another embodiment, WT1 expression has not been verified by testing of the actual tumor sample. In another embodiment, the cancer or tumor is of a type known to express WT1 in many cases. In another embodiment, the type expresses WT1 in the majority of cases.

Each type of WT1-expressing cancer or tumor, and cancer or tumor suspected to express WT1, represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

Any embodiments enumerated herein, regarding peptides, vaccines and compositions of this invention can be employed in any of the methods of this invention, and each represents an embodiment thereof.

In another embodiment, multiple peptides of this invention are used to stimulate an immune response in methods of the present invention.

The methods disclosed herein will be understood by those in the art to enable design of other WT1-derived peptides. The methods further enable design of peptides binding to other HLA molecules. The methods further enable design of vaccines combining WT1-derived peptides of the present invention. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, vaccines of the present invention have the advantage of activating or eliciting WT1-specific CD4<+> T cells containing a variety of different HLA class II alleles. In another embodiment, the vaccines have the advantage of activating or eliciting WT1-specific CD4<+> T cells in a substantial proportion of the population (e.g. in different embodiments, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%. 85%, 90%, 95%, or greater than 95%). In another embodiment, the vaccines activate or elicit WT1-specific CD4<+> T cells in a substantial proportion of a particular population (e.g. American Caucasians). Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, methods of the present invention provide for an improvement in an immune response that has already been mounted by a subject. In another embodiment, methods of the present invention comprise administering the peptide, composition, or vaccine 2 or more times. In another embodiment, the peptides are varied in their composition, concentration, or a combination thereof. In another embodiment, the peptides provide for the initiation of an immune response against an antigen of interest in a subject who has not yet initiated an immune response against the antigen. In another embodiment, the CTL that are induced proliferate in response to presentation of the peptide on the APC or cancer cell. In other embodiments, reference to modulation of the immune response involves, either or both the humoral and cell-mediated arms of the immune system, which is accompanied by the presence of Th2 and ThI T helper cells, respectively, or in another embodiment, each arm individually.

In other embodiments, the methods affecting the growth of a tumor result in (1) the direct inhibition of tumor cell division, or (2) immune cell mediated tumor cell lysis, or both, which leads to a suppression in the net expansion of tumor cells.

Inhibition of tumor growth by either of these two mechanisms can be readily determined by one of ordinary skill in the art based upon a number of well-known methods. In another embodiment, tumor inhibition is determined by measuring the actual tumor size over a period of time. In another embodiment, tumor inhibition can be determined by estimating the size of a tumor (over a period of time) utilizing methods well known to those of skill in the art. More specifically, a variety of radiologic imaging methods (e.g., single photon and positron emission computerized tomography; see generally, “Nuclear Medicine in Clinical Oncology,” Winkler, C. (ed.) Springer-Verlag, New York, 1986), can be utilized to estimate tumor size. Such methods can also utilize a variety of imaging agents, including for example, conventional imaging agents (e.g., Gallium-67 citrate), as well as specialized reagents for metabolite imaging, receptor imaging, or immunologic imaging (e.g., radiolabeled monoclonal antibody specific tumor markers). In addition, non-radioactive methods such as ultrasound (see, “Ultrasonic Differential Diagnosis of Tumors”, Kossoff and Fukuda, (eds.), Igaku-Shoin, New York, 1984), can also be utilized to estimate the size of a tumor.

In addition to the in vivo methods for determining tumor inhibition discussed above, a variety of in vitro methods can be utilized in order to predict in vivo tumor inhibition. Representative examples include lymphocyte mediated anti-tumor cytolytic activity determined for example, by a <51>Cr release assay (Examples), tumor dependent lymphocyte proliferation (Ioannides, et al., J. Immunol. 146(5):1700-1707, 1991), in vitro generation of tumor specific antibodies (Herlyn, et al., J. Immunol. Meth. 73:157-167, 1984), cell (e.g., CTL, helper T-cell) or humoral (e.g., antibody) mediated inhibition of cell growth in vitro (Gazit, et al., Cancer Immunol Immunother 35:135-144, 1992), and, for any of these assays, determination of cell precursor frequency (Vose, Int. J. Cancer 30:135-142 (1982), and others.

In another embodiment, methods of suppressing tumor growth indicate a growth state that is curtailed compared to growth without contact with, or exposure to a peptide of this invention. Tumor cell growth can be assessed by any means known in the art, including, but not limited to, measuring tumor size, determining whether tumor cells are proliferating using a <3>H-thymidine incorporation assay, or counting tumor cells. “Suppressing” tumor cell growth refers, in other embodiments, to slowing, delaying, or stopping tumor growth, or to tumor shrinkage. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment of methods and compositions of the present invention, WT1 expression is measured. In another embodiment, WT1 transcript expression is measured. In another embodiment, WT1 protein levels in the tumor are measured. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

Methods of determining the presence and magnitude of an immune response are well known in the art. In another embodiment, lymphocyte proliferation assays, wherein T cell uptake of a radioactive substance, e.g. <3>H-thymidine is measured as a function of cell proliferation. In other embodiments, detection of T cell proliferation is accomplished by measuring increases in interleukin-2 (IL-2) production, Ca<2+> flux, or dye uptake, such as 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, CTL stimulation is determined by means known to those skilled in the art, including, detection of cell proliferation, cytokine production and others. Analysis of the types and quantities of cytokines secreted by T cells upon contacting ligand-pulsed targets can be a measure of functional activity. Cytokines can be measured by ELISA or ELISPOT assays to determine the rate and total amount of cytokine production. (Fujihashi K. et al. (1993) J. Immunol. Meth. 160: 181; Tanguay S. and Killion J. J. (1994) Lymphokine Cytokine Res. 13:259).

In another embodiment, CTL activity is determined by <51>Cr-release lysis assay. Lysis of peptide-pulsed <51>Cr-labeled targets by antigen-specific T cells can be compared for target cells pulsed with control peptide. In another embodiment, T cells are stimulated with a peptide of this invention, and lysis of target cells expressing the native peptide in the context of MHC can be determined. The kinetics of lysis as well as overall target lysis at a fixed timepoint (e.g., 4 hours) are used, in another embodiment, to evaluate ligand performance. (Ware C. F. et al. (1983) J Immunol 131: 1312).

Methods of determining affinity of a peptide for an HLA molecule are well known in the art. In another embodiment, affinity is determined by TAP stabilization assays.

In another embodiment, affinity is determined by competition radioimmunoassay. In another embodiment, the following protocol is utilized: Target cells are washed two times in PBS with 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA; Fisher Chemicals, Fairlawn, N.J.). Cells are resuspended at 10<7>/ml on ice, and the native cell surface bound peptides are stripped for 2 minutes at 0 [deg.] C using citrate-phosphate buffer in the presence of 3 mg/ml beta2 microglobulin. The pellet is resuspended at 5×10<6>cells/ml in PBS/1% BSA in the presence of 3 mg/ml beta2 microglobulin and 30 mg/ml deoxyribonuclease, and 200 ml aliquots are incubated in the presence or absence of HLA-specific peptides for 10 min at 20<0>C, then with <125>I-labeled peptide for 30 min at 20<0>C. Total bound <125>I is determined after two washes with PBS/2% BSA and one wash with PBS. Relative affinities are determined by comparison of escalating concentrations of the test peptide versus a known binding peptide.

In another embodiment, a specificity analysis of the binding of peptide to HLA on surface of live cells (e.g. SKLY-16 cells) is conducted to confirm that the binding is to the appropriate HLA molecule and to characterize its restriction. This includes, in another embodiment, competition with excess unlabeled peptides known to bind to the same or disparate HLA molecules and use of target cells which express the same or disparate HLA types. This assay is performed, in another embodiment, on live fresh or 0.25% paraformaldehyde-fixed human PBMC, leukemia cell lines and EBV-transformed T-cell lines of specific HLA types. The relative avidity of the peptides found to bind MHC molecules on the specific cells are assayed by competition assays as described above against <125>I-labeled peptides of known high affinity for the relevant HLA molecule, e.g., tyrosinase or HBV peptide sequence. [00165] In another embodiment, an HLA class II-binding peptide of methods and compositions of the present invention is longer than the minimum length for binding to an HLA class II molecule, which is, in another embodiment, about 12 AA. In another embodiment, increasing the length of the HLA class II-binding peptide enables binding to more than one HLA class II molecule. In another embodiment, increasing the length enables binding to an HLA class II molecule whose binding motif is not known. In another embodiment, increasing the length enables binding to an HLA class I molecule. In another embodiment, the binding motif of the HLA class I molecule is known. In another embodiment, the binding motif of the HLA class I molecule is not known. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the peptides utilized in methods and compositions of the present invention comprise a non-classical amino acid such as: 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylate (Kazmierski et al. (1991) J. Am Chem. Soc. 113:2275-2283); (2S,3S)-methyl-phenylalanine, (2S,3R)-methyl-phenylalanine, (2R,3S)-methyl-phenylalanine and (2R,3R)-methyl-phenylalanine (Kazmierski and Hruby (1991) Tetrahedron Lett. 32(41): 5769-5772); 2-aminotetrahydronaphthalene-2-carboxylic acid (Landis (1989) Ph.D. Thesis, University of Arizona); hydroxy-1,2,3, 4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylate (Miyake et al. (1984) J. Takeda Res. Labs. 43:53-76) histidine isoquinoline carboxylic acid (Zechel et al. (1991) Int. J. Pep. Protein Res. 38(2):131-138); and HIC (histidine cyclic urea), (Dharanipragada et al. (1993) Int. J. Pep. Protein Res. 42(1):68-77) and ((1992) Acta. Crst., Crystal Struc. Comm 48(IV): 1239-124).

In another embodiment, a peptide of this invention comprises an AA analog or peptidomimetic, which, in other embodiments, induces or favors specific secondary structures. Such peptides comprise, in other embodiments, the following: LL-Acp (LL-3-amino-2-propenidone-6-carboxylic acid), a [beta]-turn inducing dipeptide analog (Kemp et al. (1985) J. Org. Chem. 50:5834-5838); [beta]-sheet inducing analogs (Kemp et al. (1988) Tetrahedron Lett. 29:5081-5082); [beta]-turn inducing analogs (Kemp et al. (1988) Tetrahedron Lett. 29:5057-5060); alpha-helix inducing analogs (Kemp et al. (1988) Tetrahedron Lett. 29:4935-4938); gamma-turn inducing analogs (Kemp et al. (1989) J. Org. Chem. 54:109:115); analogs provided by the following references: Nagai and Sato (1985) Tetrahedron Lett. 26:647-650; and DiMaio et al. (1989) J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans, p. 1687; a GIy-Ala turn analog (Kahn et al. (1989) Tetrahedron Lett. 30:2317); amide bond isostere (Jones et al. (1988) Tetrahedron Lett. 29(31):3853-3856); tretrazol (Zabrocki et al. (1988) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 110:5875-5880); DTC (Samanen et al. (1990) Int. J. Protein Pep. Res. 35:501:509); and analogs taught in Olson et al. (1990) J. Am. Chem. Sci. 112:323-333 and Garvey et al. (1990) J. Org. Chem. 55(3):936-940. Conformationally restricted mimetics of beta turns and beta bulges, and peptides containing them, are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,440,013, issued Aug. 8, 1995 to Kahn.

In other embodiments, a peptide of this invention is conjugated to one of various other molecules, as described hereinbelow, which can be via covalent or non-covalent linkage (complexed), the nature of which varies, in another embodiment, depending on the particular purpose. In another embodiment, the peptide is covalently or non-covalently complexed to a macromolecular carrier, (e.g. an immunogenic carrier), including, but not limited to, natural and synthetic polymers, proteins, polysaccharides, polypeptides (amino acids), polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, and lipids. In another embodiment, a peptide of this invention is linked to a substrate. In another embodiment, the peptide is conjugated to a fatty acid, for introduction into a liposome (U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,249). In another embodiment, a peptide of the invention is complexed covalently or non-covalently with a solid support, a variety of which are known in the art. In another embodiment, linkage of the peptide to the carrier, substrate, fatty acid, or solid support serves to increase an elicited an immune response.

In other embodiments, the carrier is thyroglobulin, an albumin (e.g. human serum albumin), tetanus toxoid, polyamino acids such as poly (lysine: glutamic acid), an influenza protein, hepatitis B virus core protein, keyhole limpet hemocyanin, an albumin, or another carrier protein or carrier peptide; hepatitis B virus recombinant vaccine, or an APC. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the term “amino acid” (AA) refers to a natural or, in another embodiment, an unnatural or synthetic AA, and can include, in other embodiments, glycine, D- or L optical isomers, AA analogs, peptidomimetics, or combinations thereof.

In another embodiment, the terms “cancer,” “neoplasm,” “neoplastic” or “tumor,” are used interchangeably and refer to cells that have undergone a malignant transformation that makes them pathological to the host organism. Primary cancer cells (that is, cells obtained from near the site of malignant transformation) can be readily distinguished from non-cancerous cells by well-established techniques, particularly histological examination. The definition of a cancer cell, as used herein, includes not only a primary cancer cell, but also any cell derived from a cancer cell ancestor. This includes metastasized cancer cells, and in vitro cultures and cell lines derived from cancer cells. In another embodiment, a tumor is detectable on the basis of tumor mass; e.g., by such procedures as CAT scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), X-ray, ultrasound or palpation, and in another embodiment, is identified by biochemical or immunologic findings, the latter which is used to identify cancerous cells, as well, in other embodiments.

Methods for synthesizing peptides are well known in the art. In another embodiment, the peptides of this invention are synthesized using an appropriate solid-state synthetic procedure (see for example, Steward and Young, Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis, Freemantle, San Francisco, Calif. (1968); Merrifield (1967) Recent Progress in Hormone Res 23: 451). The activity of these peptides is tested, in other embodiments, using assays as described herein.

In another embodiment, the peptides of this invention are purified by standard methods including chromatography (e.g., ion exchange, affinity, and sizing column chromatography), centrifugation, differential solubility, or by any other standard technique for protein purification. In another embodiment, immuno-affinity chromatography is used, whereby an epitope is isolated by binding it to an affinity column comprising antibodies that were raised against that peptide, or a related peptide of the invention, and were affixed to a stationary support.

In another embodiment, affinity tags such as hexa-His (Invitrogen), Maltose binding domain (New England Biolabs), influenza coat sequence (Kolodziej et al. (1991) Meth. Enzymol. 194:508-509), glutathione-S-transferase, or others, are attached to the peptides of this invention to allow easy purification by passage over an appropriate affinity column. Isolated peptides can also be physically characterized, in other embodiments, using such techniques as proteolysis, nuclear magnetic resonance, and x-ray crystallography.

In another embodiment, the peptides of this invention are produced by in vitro translation, through known techniques, as will be evident to one skilled in the art. In another embodiment, the peptides are differentially modified during or after translation, e.g., by phosphorylation, glycosylation, cross-linking, acylation, proteolytic cleavage, linkage to an antibody molecule, membrane molecule or other ligand, (Ferguson et al. (1988) Ann. Rev. Biochem. 57:285-320).

In another embodiment, the peptides of this invention further comprise a detectable label, which in another embodiment, is fluorescent, or in another embodiment, luminescent, or in another embodiment, radioactive, or in another embodiment, electron dense. In other embodiments, the detectable label comprises, for example, green fluorescent protein (GFP), DS-Red (red fluorescent protein), secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP), beta-galactosidase, luciferase, <32>P, <125>I, <3>H and <14>C, fluorescein and its derivatives, rhodamine and its derivatives, dansyl and umbelliferone, luciferin or any number of other such labels known to one skilled in the art. The particular label used will depend upon the type of immunoassay used.

In another embodiment, a peptide of this invention is linked to a substrate, which, in another embodiment, serves as a carrier. In another embodiment, linkage of the peptide to a substrate serves to increase an elicited an immune response.

In another embodiment, peptides of this invention are linked to other molecules, as described herein, using conventional cross-linking agents such as carbodiimides. Examples of carbodiimides are 1-cyclohexyl-3-(2-morpholinyl-(4-ethyl) carbodiimide (CMC), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) and 1-ethyl-3-(4-azonia-44-dimethylpentyl) carbodiimide.

In other embodiments, the cross-linking agents comprise cyanogen bromide, glutaraldehyde and succinic anhydride. In general, any of a number of homo-bifunctional agents including a homo-bifunctional aldehyde, a homo-bifunctional epoxide, a homo-bifunctional imido-ester, a homo-bifunctional N-hydroxysuccinimide ester, a homo-bifunctional maleimide, a homo-bifunctional alkyl halide, a homo-bifunctional pyridyl disulfide, a homo-bifunctional aryl halide, a homo-bifunctional hydrazide, a homo-bifunctional diazonium derivative and a homo-bifunctional photoreactive compound can be used. Also envisioned, in other embodiments, are hetero-bifunctional compounds, for example, compounds having an amine-reactive and a sulfhydryl-reactive group, compounds with an amine-reactive and a photoreactive group and compounds with a carbonyl-reactive and a sulfhydryl-reactive group.

In other embodiments, the homo-bifunctional cross-linking agents include the bifunctional N-hydroxysuccinimide esters dithiobis(succinimidylpropionate), disuccinimidyl suberate, and disuccinimidyl tartarate; the bifunctional imido-esters dimethyl adipimidate, dimethyl pimelimidate, and dimethyl suberimidate; the bifunctional sulfhydryl-reactive crosslinkers 1,4-di-[3′-(2′-pyridyldithio)propionamido]butane, bismaleimidohexane, and bis-N-maleimido-1, 8-octane; the bifunctional aryl halides 1,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and 4,4′-difluoro-3,3′-dinitrophenylsulfone; bifunctional photoreactive agents such as bis-[b-(4-azidosalicylamido)ethyl] di sulfide; the bifunctional aldehydes formaldehyde, malondialdehyde, succinaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, and adipaldehyde; a bifunctional epoxide such as 1,4-butaneodiol diglycidyl ether; the bifunctional hydrazides adipic acid dihydrazide, carbohydrazide, and succinic acid dihydrazide; the bifunctional diazoniums o-tolidine, diazotized and bis-diazotized benzidine; the bifunctional alkylhalides N1N′-ethylene-bis(iodoacetamide), N1N′-hexamethylene-bis(iodoacetamide), N1N′-undecamethylene-bis(iodoacetamide), as well as benzylhalides and halomustards, such as ala′-diiodo-p-xylene sulfonic acid and tri(2-chloroethyl)amine, respectively,

In other embodiments, hetero-bifunctional cross-linking agents used to link the peptides to other molecules, as described herein, include, but are not limited to, SMCC (succinimidyl-4-(N-rnaleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate), MB S (m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester), SIAB (N-succinimidyl(4-iodoacteyl)aminobenzoate), SMPB (succinimidyl-4-(p-maleimidophenyl)butyrate), GMBS (N-(.gamma.-maleimidobutyryloxy)succmimide ester), MPBH (4-(4-N-maleimidopohenyl) butyric acid hydrazide), M2C2H (4-(N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1-carboxyl-hydrazide), SMPT (succinimidyloxycarbonyl-a-methyl-a-(2-pyridyldithio)toluene), and SPDP (N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate).

In another embodiment, the peptides of the invention are formulated as non-covalent attachment of monomers through ionic, adsorptive, or biospecific interactions. Complexes of peptides with highly positively or negatively charged molecules can be accomplished, in another embodiment, through salt bridge formation under low ionic strength environments, such as in deionized water. Large complexes can be created, in another embodiment, using charged polymers such as poly-(L-glutamic acid) or poly-(L-lysine), which contain numerous negative and positive charges, respectively. In another embodiment, peptides are adsorbed to surfaces such as microparticle latex beads or to other hydrophobic polymers, forming non-covalently associated peptide-superantigen complexes effectively mimicking cross-linked or chemically polymerized protein, in other embodiments. In another embodiment, peptides are non-covalently linked through the use of biospecific interactions between other molecules. For instance, utilization of the strong affinity of biotin for proteins such as avidin or streptavidin or their derivatives could be used to form peptide complexes. The peptides, according to this aspect, and in another embodiment, can be modified to possess biotin groups using common biotinylation reagents such as the N-hydroxysuccinimidyl ester of D-biotin (NHS-biotin), which reacts with available amine groups.

In another embodiment, a peptide of the present invention is linked to a carrier. In another embodiment, the carrier is KLH. In other embodiments, the carrier is any other carrier known in the art, including, for example, thyroglobulin, albumins such as human serum albumin, tetanus toxoid, polyamino acids such as poly (lysine:glutamic acid), influenza, hepatitis B virus core protein, hepatitis B virus recombinant vaccine and the like. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the peptides of this invention are conjugated to a lipid, such as P3 CSS. In another embodiment, the peptides of this invention are conjugated to a bead.

In another embodiment, the compositions of this invention further comprise immunomodulating compounds. In other embodiments, the immunomodulating compound is a cytokine, chemokine, or complement component that enhances expression of immune system accessory or adhesion molecules, their receptors, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the immunomodulating compound include interleukins, for example interleukins 1 to 15, interferons alpha, beta or gamma, tumour necrosis factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), chemokines such as neutrophil activating protein (NAP), macrophage chemoattractant and activating factor (MCAF), RANTES, macrophage inflammatory peptides MIP-Ia and MIP-Ib, complement components, or combinations thereof. In other embodiments, the immunomodulating compound stimulate expression, or enhanced expression of OX40, OX40L (gp34), lymphotactin, CD40, CD40L, B7.1, B7.2, TRAP, ICAM-1, 2 or 3, cytokine receptors, or combination thereof.

In another embodiment, the immunomodulatory compound induces or enhances expression of co-stimulatory molecules that participate in the immune response, which include, in some embodiments, CD40 or its ligand, CD28, CTLA-4 or a B7 molecule. In another embodiment, the immunomodulatory compound induces or enhances expression of a heat stable antigen (HSA) (Liu Y. et al. (1992) J. Exp. Med. 175:437-445), chondroitin sulfate-modified MHC invariant chain (Ii-CS) (Naujokas M. F. et al (1993) Cell 74:257-268), or an intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-I) (Van R. H. (1992) Cell 71: 1065-1068), which assists, in another embodiment, co-stimulation by interacting with their cognate ligands on the T cells.

In another embodiment, the composition comprises a solvent, including water, dispersion media, cell culture media, isotonic agents and the like. In another embodiment, the solvent is an aqueous isotonic buffered solution with a pH of around 7.0. In another embodiment, the composition comprises a diluent such as water, phosphate buffered saline, or saline. In another embodiment, the composition comprises a solvent, which is non-aqueous, such as propyl ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol and vegetable oils.

In another embodiment, the composition is formulated for administration by any of the many techniques known to those of skill in the art. For example, this invention provides for administration of the pharmaceutical composition parenterally, intravenously, subcutaneously, intradermally, intramucosally, topically, orally, or by inhalation.

In another embodiment, the vaccine comprising a peptide of this invention further comprises a cell population, which, in another embodiment, comprises lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, endothelial cells, stem cells or combinations thereof, which, in another embodiment are autologous, syngeneic or allogeneic, with respect to each other. In another embodiment, the cell population comprises a peptide of the present invention. In another embodiment, the cell population takes up the peptide. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the cell populations of this invention are obtained from in vivo sources, such as, for example, peripheral blood, leukopheresis blood product, apheresis blood product, peripheral lymph nodes, gut associated lymphoid tissue, spleen, thymus, cord blood, mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, sites of immunologic lesions, e.g. synovial fluid, pancreas, cerebrospinal fluid, tumor samples, granulomatous tissue, or any other source where such cells can be obtained. In another embodiment, the cell populations are obtained from human sources, which are, in other embodiments, from human fetal, neonatal, child, or adult sources. In another embodiment, the cell populations of this invention are obtained from animal sources, such as, for example, porcine or simian, or any other animal of interest. In another embodiment, the cell populations of this invention are obtained from subjects that are normal, or in another embodiment, diseased, or in another embodiment, susceptible to a disease of interest.

In another embodiment, the cell populations of this invention are separated via affinity-based separation methods. Techniques for affinity separation include, in other embodiments, magnetic separation, using antibody-coated magnetic beads, affinity chromatography, cytotoxic agents joined to a monoclonal antibody or use in conjunction with a monoclonal antibody, for example, complement and cytotoxins, and “panning” with an antibody attached to a solid matrix, such as a plate, or any other convenient technique. In other embodiment, separation techniques include the use of fluorescence activated cell sorters, which can have varying degrees of sophistication, such as multiple color channels, low angle and obtuse light scattering detecting channels, impedance channels, etc. In other embodiments, any technique that enables separation of the cell populations of this invention can be employed, and is to be considered as part of this invention.

In another embodiment, the dendritic cells are from the diverse population of morphologically similar cell types found in a variety of lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues, qualified as such (Steinman (1991) Ann. Rev. Immunol. 9:271-296). In another embodiment, the dendritic cells used in this invention are isolated from bone marrow, or in another embodiment, derived from bone marrow progenitor cells, or, in another embodiment, from isolated from/derived from peripheral blood, or in another embodiment, derived from, or are a cell line.

In another embodiment, the cell populations described herein are isolated from the white blood cell fraction of a mammal, such as a murine, simian or a human (See, e.g., WO 96/23060). The white blood cell fraction can be, in another embodiment, isolated from the peripheral blood of the mammal.

Methods of isolating dendritic cells are well known in the art. In another embodiment, the DC are isolated via a method which includes the following steps: (a) providing a white blood cell fraction obtained from a mammalian source by methods known in the art such as leukophoresis; (b) separating the white blood cell fraction of step (a) into four or more subfractions by countercurrent centrifugal elutriation; (c) stimulating conversion of monocytes in one or more fractions from step (b) to dendritic cells by contacting the cells with calcium ionophore, GM-CSF and IL-13 or GM-CSF and IL-4, (d) identifying the dendritic cell-enriched fraction from step (c); and (e) collecting the enriched fraction of step (d), preferably at about 4[deg.] C.

In another embodiment, the dendritic cell-enriched fraction is identified by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, which identifies at least one of the following markers: HLA-DR, HLA-DQ, or B7.2, and the simultaneous absence of the following markers: CD3, CD14, CD16, 56, 57, and CD 19, 20.

In another embodiment, the cell population comprises lymphocytes, which are, in another embodiment, T cells, or in another embodiment, B cells. The T cells are, in other embodiments, characterized as NK cells, helper T cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), TBLs, naive T cells, or combinations thereof. It is to be understood that T cells which are primary, or cell lines, clones, etc. are to be considered as part of this invention. In another embodiment, the T cells are CTL, or CTL lines, CTL clones, or CTLs isolated from tumor, inflammatory, or other infiltrates.

In another embodiment, hematopoietic stem or early progenitor cells comprise the cell populations used in this invention. In another embodiment, such populations are isolated or derived, by leukaphoresis. In another embodiment, the leukapheresis follows cytokine administration, from bone marrow, peripheral blood (PB) or neonatal umbilical cord blood. In another embodiment, the stem or progenitor cells are characterized by their surface expression of the surface antigen marker known as CD34<+>, and exclusion of expression of the surface lineage antigen markers, Lin−.

In another embodiment, the subject is administered a peptide, composition or vaccine of this invention, in conjunction with bone marrow cells. In another embodiment, the administration together with bone marrow cells embodiment follows previous irradiation of the subject, as part of the course of therapy, in order to suppress, inhibit or treat cancer in the subject.

In another embodiment, the phrase “contacting a cell” or “contacting a population” refers to a method of exposure, which can be, in other embodiments, direct or indirect. In another embodiment, such contact comprises direct injection of the cell through any means well known in the art, such as microinjection. It is also envisaged, in another embodiment, that supply to the cell is indirect, such as via provision in a culture medium that surrounds the cell, or administration to a subject, via any route well known in the art, and as described herein.

In another embodiment, CTL generation of methods of the present invention is accomplished in vivo, and is effected by introducing into a subject an antigen presenting cell contacted in vitro with a peptide of this invention (See for example Paglia et al. (1996) J. Exp. Med. 183:317-322).

In another embodiment, the peptides of methods and compositions of the present invention are delivered to APC. In another embodiment, the peptide-pulsed APC are administered to a subject to elicit and immune response or treat or inhibit growth or recurrence of a tumor. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the peptides are delivered to APC in the form of cDNA encoding the peptides. In another embodiment, the term “antigen-presenting cells” (APC) refers to dendritic cells (DC), monocytes/macrophages, B lymphocytes or other cell type(s) expressing the necessary MHC/co-stimulatory molecules, which effectively allow for T cell recognition of the presented peptide. In another embodiment, the APC is a cancer cell. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the CTL are contacted with 2 or more APC populations. In another embodiment, the 2 or more APC populations present different peptides. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, techniques that lead to the expression of antigen in the cytosol of APC (e.g. DC) are used to deliver the peptides to the APC. Methods for expressing antigens on APC are well known in the art. In another embodiment, the techniques include (1) the introduction into the APC of naked DNA encoding a peptide of this invention, (2) infection of APC with recombinant vectors expressing a peptide of this invention, and (3) introduction of a peptide of this invention into the cytosol of an APC using liposomes. (See Boczkowski D. et al. (1996) J. Exp. Med. 184:465-472; Rouse et al. (1994) J. Virol. 68:5685-5689; and Nair et al. (1992) J. Exp. Med. 175:609-612).

In another embodiment, foster APC such as those derived from the human cell line 174xCEM.T2, referred to as T2, which contains a mutation in its antigen processing pathway that restricts the association of endogenous peptides with cell surface MHC class I molecules (Zweerink et al. (1993) J. Immunol. 150:1763-1771), are used, as exemplified herein.

In another embodiment, as described herein, the subject is exposed to a peptide, or a composition/cell population comprising a peptide of this invention, which differs from the native protein expressed, wherein subsequently a host immune cross-reactive with the native protein/antigen develops.

In another embodiment, the subject, as referred to in any of the methods or embodiments of this invention is a human. In other embodiments, the subject is a mammal, which can be a mouse, rat, rabbit, hamster, guinea pig, horse, cow, sheep, goat, pig, cat, dog, monkey, or ape. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, peptides, vaccines, and compositions of this invention stimulate an immune response that results in tumor cell lysis.

In another embodiment, any of the methods described herein is used to elicit CTL, which are elicited in vitro. In another embodiment, the CTL are elicited ex-vivo. In another embodiment, the CTL are elicited in vitro. The resulting CTL, are, in another embodiment, administered to the subject, thereby treating the condition associated with the peptide, an expression product comprising the peptide, or a homologue thereof. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the method entails introduction of the genetic sequence that encodes the peptides of this invention using, e.g., one or more nucleic acid delivery techniques. Nucleic acids of the invention include, in another embodiment, DNA, RNA and mixtures of DNA and RNA, alone or in conjunction with non-nucleic acid components. In another embodiment, the method comprises administering to the subject a vector comprising a nucleotide sequence, which encodes a peptide of the present invention (Tindle, R. W. et al. Virology (1994) 200:54). In another embodiment, the method comprises administering to the subject naked DNA which encodes a peptide, or in another embodiment, two or more peptides of this invention (Nabel, et al. PNAS-USA (1990) 90: 11307). In another embodiment, multi-epitope, analogue-based cancer vaccines are utilized (Fikes et al, Design of multi-epitope, analogue-based cancer vaccines. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2003 September; 3(6):985-93). Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

Nucleic acids can be administered to a subject via any means as is known in the art, including parenteral or intravenous administration, or in another embodiment, by means of a gene gun. In another embodiment, the nucleic acids are administered in a composition, which correspond, in other embodiments, to any embodiment listed herein.

Vectors for use according to methods of this invention can comprise any vector that facilitates or allows for the expression of a peptide of this invention. Vectors comprises, in some embodiments, attenuated viruses, such as vaccinia or fowlpox, such as described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,722,848, incorporated herein by reference. In another embodiment, the vector is BCG (Bacille Calmette Guerin), such as described in Stover et al. (Nature 351:456-460 (1991)). A wide variety of other vectors useful for therapeutic administration or immunization of the peptides of the invention, e.g., Salmonella typhi vectors and the like, will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the description herein.

In another embodiment, the vector further encodes for an immunomodulatory compound, as described herein. In another embodiment, the subject is administered an additional vector encoding same, concurrent, prior to or following administration of the vector encoding a peptide of this invention to the subject.

In another embodiment, the peptides, compositions and vaccines of this invention are administered to a subject, or utilized in the methods of this invention, in combination with other anticancer compounds and chemotherapeutics, including monoclonal antibodies directed against alternate cancer antigens, or, in another embodiment, epitopes that consist of an AA sequence which corresponds to, or in part to, that from which the peptides of this invention are derived.

Various embodiments of dosage ranges are contemplated by this invention. [mu] refers to micro; [mu]g referring to microgram or micrograms. In another embodiment, the dosage is 20 [mu]g per peptide per day. In another embodiment, the dosage is 10 [mu]g/peptide/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is 30 [mu]g/peptide/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is 40 [mu]g/peptide/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is 60 [mu]g/peptide/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is 80 [mu]g/peptide/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is 100 [mu]g/peptide/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is 150 [mu]g/peptide/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is 200 [mu]g/peptide/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is 300 [mu]g/peptide/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is 400 [mu]g/peptide/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is 600 [mu]g/peptide/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is 800 [mu]g/peptide/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is 1000 [mu]g/peptide/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is 1500 [mu]g/peptide/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is 2000 [mu]g/peptide/day.

In another embodiment, the dosage is 10 [mu]g/peptide/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 30 [mu]g/peptide/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 40 [mu]g/peptide/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 60 [mu]g/peptide/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 80 [mu]g/peptide/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 100 [mu]g/peptide/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 150 [mu]g/peptide/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 200 [mu]g/peptide/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 300 [mu]g/peptide/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 400 [mu]g/peptide/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 600 [mu]g/peptide/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 800 [mu]g/peptide/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 1000 [mu]g/peptide/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 1500 [mu]g/peptide/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 2000 [mu]g/peptide/dose.

In another embodiment, the dosage is 10-20 [mu]g/peptide/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 20-30 [mu]g/peptide/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 20-40 [mu]g/peptide/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 30-60 [mu]g/peptide/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 40-80 [mu]g/peptide/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 50-100 [mu]g/peptide/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 50-150 [mu]g/peptide/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 100-200 [mu]g/peptide/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 200-300 [mu]g/peptide/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 300-400 [mu]g/peptide/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 400-600 [mu]g/peptide/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 500-800 [mu]g/peptide/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 800-1000 [mu]g/peptide/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 1000-1500 [mu]g/peptide/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 1500-2000 [mu]g/peptide/dose.

In another embodiment, the total amount of peptide per dose or per day is one of the above amounts. In another embodiment, the total peptide dose per dose is one of the above amounts.

Each of the above doses represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

Various embodiments of dosage ranges are contemplated by this invention. In another embodiment, the dosage is 20 mg per peptide per day. In another embodiment, the dosage is 10 mg/peptide/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is 30 mg/peptide/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is 40 mg/peptide/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is 60 mg/peptide/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is 80 mg/peptide/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is 100 mg/peptide/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is 150 mg/peptide/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is 200 mg/peptide/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is 300 mg/peptide/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is 400 mg/peptide/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is 600 mg/peptide/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is 800 mg/peptide/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is 1000 mg/peptide/day.

In another embodiment, the dosage is 10 mg/peptide/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 30 mg/peptide/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 40 mg/peptide/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 60 mg/peptide/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 80 mg/peptide/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 100 mg/peptide/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 150 mg/peptide/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 200 mg/peptide/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 300 mg/peptide/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 400 mg/peptide/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 600 mg/peptide/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 800 mg/peptide/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 1000 mg/peptide/dose.

In another embodiment, the dosage is 10-20 mg/peptide/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 20-30 mg/peptide/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 20-40 mg/peptide/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 30-60 mg/peptide/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 40-80 mg/peptide/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 50-100 mg/peptide/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 50-150 mg/peptide/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 100-200 mg/peptide/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 200-300 mg/peptide/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 300-400 mg/peptide/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 400-600 mg/peptide/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 500-800 mg/peptide/dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is 800-1000 mg/peptide/dose.

In another embodiment, the total amount of peptide per dose or per day is one of the above amounts. In another embodiment, the total peptide dose per dose is one of the above amounts.

Each of the above doses represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a kit comprising a peptide, composition or vaccine of the present invention. In another embodiment, the kit further comprises a label or packaging insert. In another embodiment, the kit is used for detecting a WT1-specific CD4 response through the use of a delayed-type hypersensitivity test. In another embodiment, the kit is used for any other method enumerated herein. In another embodiment, the kit is used for any other method known in the art. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

Example 1. Materials and Methods

Peptide Design.

Using three computer-based predictive algorisms BIMAS (http://www-bimas.cit.nih.gov/cgi-bin/molbio/ken_parker_comboform), SYFPEITHI (http://www.syfpeithi.de/) and RANKPEP (http://bio.dfci.harvard.edu/Tools/rankpep.html), epitopes were selected for both CD8 and CD4 T cells by starting with the native WT1 protein sequences that are capable of inducing immune response in normal donors. Heteroclitic peptides were designed by altering a single amino acid in the anchor residues of the native peptides for class I, which resulted in a higher predicted binding than its native sequences. The class II peptides were designed by adding flanking residues to the class I peptides, in order to simultaneously stimulate both CD4 and CD8 T cells. While many sequences can be predicted by the algorithms, these models do not predict binding to MHC when tested on live cells in 30% of cases (Gomez-Nunez et al. Leuk Res. 2006; 30(10): 1293-8), therefore in vitro testing is necessary. In addition, even if binding is demonstrated, a cytotoxic T cell response may not occur, requiring additional in vitro study.

Peptide Synthesis.

All peptides were purchased and synthesized by Genemed Synthesis, Inc. (San Antonio, Tex.). Peptides were sterile with purity of 70% to 90%. The peptides were dissolved in DMSO and diluted in saline at 5 mg/mL and stored at −80° C. Control peptides used are: for HLA-DR.B1: JAK-2-derived DR.B1-binding peptide JAK2-DR (GVCVCGDENILVQEF; SEQ ID NO:59) or BCR.ABL-derived peptide (IVHSATGFKQSSKALQRPVASDFEP; SEQ ID NO:60); for HLA-A0201: ewing sarcoma-derived peptide EW (QLQNPSYDK; SEQ ID NO:61) and for HLA-A2402: prostate-specific membrane antigen (PMSA)-derived peptide 624-632 (TYSVSFDSL; SEQ ID NO:62).

Cells Lines, Cytokines and Antibodies.

Human leukemia cell lines BA25 and HL-60 were used as a targets for measuring cytotoxicity of T cells. Human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-4, IL-6, IL-15, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were purchased from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, Minn.). Beta 2-microglobulin (b2-m) was purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, Mo.). The antibodies used for immunofluorescence assays including mAbs to human CD3, CD4, CD8, HLA-A2 (clone BB7.2) and isotype controls were obtained from BD Biosciences (San Diego, Calif.). Cell isolation kits for CD14 and CD3 were purchased from Miltenyi Biotec. (Bergisch Gladbach, Germany).

T2 Assay for Peptide Binding.

T2 cells (TAP-, HLA-A0201+) were incubated overnight at 37° C. at 1×10⁶ cells/ml in FCS-free RPMI medium supplemented with 10 ug/ml human beta-2m (Sigma, St Louis, Mo., USA) in the absence (negative control) or presence peptides at various final concentrations (50, 10 and 2 ug/ml). Brefeldin A (Sigma) at 5 ug/ml was added to the cultures for the final two hrs of incubation. Then T2 cells were washed and stained with anti-HLA-A2.1 (BB7.2) mAb conjugated to FITC for 30 min at 4° C. and followed by washing with staining buffer (PBS plus 1% FBS and 0.02% azide). The expression of the HLA-A2 on the cell surface was measured by flow cytometry on a FACScalibur (Becton Dickinson) and analyzed with FlowJo 9.6.3 software.

In Vitro Stimulation and Human T-Cell Cultures.

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from HLA-typed healthy donors were obtained by Ficoll density centrifugation. CD14+ monocytes were isolated by positive selection using mAb to human CD14 coupled with magnetic beads (Miltenyi Biotec) and were used for the first stimulation of T cells. The CD14− fraction of PBMC were used for isolation of CD3, by negative immunomagnetic cell separation using a pan T cell isolation kit (Miltenyi Biotec). The purity of the cells was always more than 98%. T cells were stimulated for 7 days in the presence of RPMI 1640 supplemented with 5% autologous plasma (AP), 20 ug/mL synthetic peptides, 1 ug/mL B2-m, and 10 ng/mL IL-15. Monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) were generated from CD14+ cells, by culturing the cells in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 1% AP, 500 units/mL recombinant IL-4, and 1,000 units/mL GM-CSF. On days 2 and 4 of incubation, fresh medium with IL-4 and GM-CSF was either added or replaced half of the culture medium. On day 5, 20 ug/mL class II peptide was added to the immature DCs, for the processing. On day 6, maturation cytokine cocktail was added (Dao et al. Plos One 2009; 4(8):e6730). On day 7 or 8, T cells were re-stimulated with mature DCs, with IL-15. In most cases, T cells were stimulated 3 times in the same manner, using either DCs or CD14+ cells as antigen-presenting cells (APCs). A week after final stimulation, the peptide-specific T cell response was examined by IFN-g enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay and the cytotoxicity was tested, by ⁵¹ chromium (Cr)-release assay.

IFN-g ELISPOT.

HA-Multiscreen plates (Millipore) were coated with 100 uL of mouse anti-human IFN-g antibody (10 Ag/mL; clone 1-D1K; Mabtech) in PBS, incubated overnight at 4 C, washed with PBS to remove unbound antibody, and blocked with RPMI 1640/10% autologous plasma (AP) for 2 h at 37° C. Purified CD3+ T cells (>98% pure) were plated with either autologous CD14+ (10:1 E:APC ratio) or autologous DCs (30:1 E:APC ratio). Various test peptides were added to the wells at 20 ug/mL. Negative control wells contained APCs and T cells without peptides or with irrelevant peptides. Positive control wells contained T cells plus APCs plus 20 ug/mL phytohemagglutinin (PHA, Sigma). All conditions were done in triplicates. Microtiter plates were incubated for 20 h at 37° C. and then extensively washed with PBS/0.05% Tween and 100 ul/well biotinylated detection antibody against human IFN-g (2 ug/mL; clone 7-B6-1; Mabtech) was added. Plates were incubated for an additional 2 h at 37° C. and spot development was done as described (Dao et al., op. cit.). Spot numbers were automatically determined with the use of a computer-assisted video image analyzer with KS ELISPOT 4.0 software (Carl Zeiss Vision).

⁵¹Chromium Release Assay.

The presence of specific CTLs was measured in a standard chromium release assay as described (Dao et al., op. cit.). Briefly, target cells alone, or pulsed with 50 ug/mL of synthetic peptides for 2 hours (in some cases for over night) at 37° C., are labeled with 50 uCi/million cells of Na₂ ⁵¹CrO₄ (NEN Life Science Products, Inc.). After extensive washing, target cells are incubated with T cells at E:T ratios ranging from 100:1 to 10:1. All conditions were done in triplicate. Plates were incubated for 4-5 hrs at 37° C. in 5% CO2. Supernatant fluids were harvested and radioactivity was measured in a gamma counter. Percentage specific lysis was determined from the following formula: [(experimental release−spontaneous release)/(maximum release−spontaneous release)]×100%. Maximum release was determined by lysis of radiolabeled targets in 1% SDS.

Example 2. Binding of the Native and its Analogue Peptides to HLA-A0201 and HLA-A2402

Using a pool of 15 mer overlapping peptides spanning human WT1 protein to sensitize human T cells in vitro, the sequence 239-248 (NQMNLGATL; SEQ ID NO:5; herein abbreviated NQM or) has recently been identified as an immunogenic CD8 T cell epitope in the context of HLA-A2402 (Doubrovina et al., Blood 2012; 123(8):1633-46). In order to generate analog peptides with stronger immunogenicity, the prediction scores of the native peptide and possible analogs with various amino acid substitutions in the position 2 and 9 (class I anchor residues) was screened, using three online available databases (BIMAS, RANKPEP and SYFPEITHI). The predicted binding scores from all three databases showed better binding of the native NQMNLGATL (SEQ ID NO:5) peptide to HLA-A0201 than HLA-A2402 molecule (Table I). When the glutamine at the position 2 was substituted by leucine, the binding score to HLA-A2402 remained at the similar level by all 3 prediction programs. However, a significantly stronger binding score was predicted for HLA-A0201. On the other hand, when the glutamine at the position 2 was substituted by tyrosine, binding score to HLA-A2402 was dramatically improved, showing about 90-fold increased binding by BIMAS prediction. All three peptides were predicted to be cleaved at c-terminal by RANKPEP algorithm, suggesting the processing of the peptide fragment. The binding score was checked by substitution with various amino acids at position 9 but none of them showed a significant improved binding compared to the substitution at the position 2. Therefore, the two analogue peptides NLMNLGATL (SEQ ID NO:6; herein abbreviated NLM or A24-het-1) and NYMNLGATL (SEQ ID NO:7; herein abbreviated NYM or A24-het-2) were selected for further studies.

TABLE 1 Predictive binding scores of the peptides to  HLA-A0201 and A2402 RANKPEP BIMAS SYFPETHI (score; % opt) Sequences HLA- HLA- HLA- HLA- HLA- HLA- (p 239-247) A0201 A2402 A0201 A24 A0201 A2402 NQMNLGATL 8.014 7.200 17 10 34; 26.56% 10.482; (SEQ ID NO: 5) Cleaved 27.23%, Cleaved NLMNLGATL 79.041 7.2 26 10 78; 60.94% 8.948; (SEQ ID NO: 6) Cleaved 23.24%, Cleaved NYMNLGATL 0.011 360.000 9 20 41; 32.03% 23.573; (SEQ ID NO: 7) Cleaved 61.22%, Cleaved

Example 3. Binding of the Peptides to HLA-A0201 and HLA-A2402 Molecules

The immunogenicity of MHC class I-restricted peptides requires the capacity to bind and stabilize MHC class I molecules on the live cell surface. Moreover, the computer prediction has only up to 70% accuracy; therefore, direct measurement was sought of the strength of the interaction between the peptides and the HLA-A0201 molecules using a conventional binding and stabilization assay that uses the antigen-transporting-deficient (TAP2 negative) HLA-A0201 human T2 cells. T2 cells lack TAP function and consequently are defective in properly loading class I molecules with antigenic peptides generated in the cytosol. The association of exogenously added peptides with thermolabile, empty HLA-A0201 molecules stabilizes them and results in an increase in the level of surface HLA-A0201 recognizable by specific anti-HLA-A0201 mAb such as BB7.2.

The T2 binding assay showed that native NQMNLGATL (SEQ ID NO:5) peptide did not increase the HLA-A2 expression on T2 cells (FIG. 1, upper panel). However, the NLMNLGATL (SEQ ID NO:6) analogue peptide stabilized the HLA-A2 molecule by showing a dose-dependent increase in HLA-A2 expression, compared to the T2 cells without peptide pulsing (FIG. 1 middle panel). Similar to the native peptide NQMNLGATL, NYMNLGATL (SEQ ID NO:7) peptide did not increase the HLA-A2 expression (FIG. 1 lower panel). These data confirmed the HLA-A2 biding scores, predicted by the computer-based algorithm.

Example 4. Induction of a Peptide-Specific of CD8 T Cell Response the Context of HLA-A0201 and A2402 Molecules

Although affinity for MHC molecules is necessary for the peptide presentation, T cell recognition of the peptide presented by HLA molecules is another important requirement for eliciting the peptide-specific response. Therefore, using an in vitro stimulation protocol, the new synthetic WT1 peptide analogs were evaluated for their ability to stimulate peptide-specific T cell response in both HLA-A0201 and A2402 donors.

To expand the peptide-specific T cell precursors, three to five in vitro stimulation were performed and the specific T cell response was measured by IFN-g production, when challenged with individual peptide. NLMNLGATL peptide induced strong IFN-g secretion which crossed reacted with the native NQMNLGATL peptide. Five stimulations of T cells enhanced the response showing by more IFN-g spots (FIG. 2B) than 3 stimulation (FIG. 2A). T cells after 5 stimulation with NLMNLGATL peptide were also tested for the cytotoxicity using ⁵¹Cr release assay. No killing was observed against HL-60 cells that were WT1 positive but HLA-A2 negative. However, the T cells killed the WT1+ and HLA-A0201+ AML cell line SET-2 and primary leukemia blasts derived from a patient who is HLA-A0201 positive (FIG. 3). Whether both NLMNLGATL and NYMNLGATL heteroclitic peptides could induce a better CD8 T cell responses in HLA-A2402 donors was determined. NLMNLGATL peptide could induce T cell responses against both NLMNLGATL and the native NQMNLGATL peptides, but there was no significant enhancement compared to the T cell response induced by the native NQMNLGATL peptide. In the contrast, NYMNLGATL peptide induced a strong T cell response against itself and the native peptide after 3 stimulation (FIG. 4A) but the response was demised after 5 round stimulation (FIG. 4B), which also showed a weak cross reactivity with native sequence. These data demonstrated that NLMNLGATL heteroclitic peptide is a strong epitope for CD8 T cells in the context of HLA-A0201 molecule. NYMNLGATL peptide, on the other hand, induced CD8 T cell response in HLA-A0201 positive donors, but the response was not significantly better than the NQMNLGATL peptide.

Example 5. Induction of T Cell Response by HLA-DR.B1 Peptides that Recognizes NQMNLGATL CD8 T Cell Epitope

It has been shown that a peptide combining both CD4 and CD8 epitopes is more effective than the single class I epitope in eliciting effective immune response for vaccine design, because CD4 T cells can help CD8 CTL by fully activating DCs through the CD40/CD40L signaling as well as by producing IL-2 and IFN-g. In addition, if T cells stimulated with longer peptides, in which CD8 T cell epitopes are imbedded in, could recognize the short peptides, it would confirm the processing of the CD8 T cell epitopes. Therefore, four HLA-DR.B1-binding peptides that span the NQMNLGATL and NLMNLGATL epitopes, respectively, were designed:

(SEQ ID NO: 8) DR-Native-1: cmtwNQMNLGATLkg (SEQ ID NO: 9) DR-Native-2: wNQMNLGATLkgvaa (SEQ ID NO: 10) DR-het-1: cmtwNLMNLGATLkg (SEQ ID NO: 11) DR-het-2: wNLMNLGATLkgvaa

Since there is no definitive method to predict the class II peptide cleavage, two different versions of the class II peptides were designed using the BIMAS, SYFPEITHI and RANKPEP algorithms (Table 2).

TABLE 2 Predictive binding scores of HLA-DRB binding  peptides. DR.B1- DR.B1- DR.B1- DR.B1- DR.B1- DR.B1- SYFPEITHI 0101 0301 0401 0701 1101 1501 Native-1 DR-Native 1 17 1 16 10 16 4 cmtwNQMNLGATLkg SEQ ID NO: 8 Het-1 DR-het-1 18 2 16 10 16 4 cmtwNLMNLGATLkg SEQ ID NO: 10 Native-2 DR-Native-2 17 13 14 16 13 24 wNQMNLGATLkgvaa SEQ ID NO: 9 Het-2 DR-het-2 17 13 14 16 13 24 wNLMNLGATLkgvaa SEQ ID NO: 11

When T cells were stimulated with two “heteroclitic” DR.B1 peptides spanning the NLMNLGATL epitope, they induced T cell responses that were specific for both short and long peptides, showing by IFN-g secretion. Since CD4 peptides induce more potent response due to their massive production of cytokines, the background is usually higher than CD8 T cell peptide stimulation. Therefore, although both DR-heteroclitic peptides induced specific responses, DR-het-2 peptide showed a more clear response than the DR-het-1 peptide in a donor shown in FIG. 5A. It was evident that DR-het-2 peptide induced responses were specific for both short peptides NQMNGATL and NLMNGATL, and DR-native 2 and het-2 peptides. More importantly, the responses were directed against irradiated tumor cell line BA-25 (WT1+A2+), but not for the HL-60 cells that were WT1+ but A0201 negative. Similarly, when T cells were stimulated with short peptides (NQMNLGATL or NLMNGATL) or long peptides as indicated in FIG. 5B, only BA-25 but not HL-60 cells were killed.

Example 6. Other HLA-DR.B1 Binding Peptides that Recognize NQMNLGATL CD8 T Cell Epitope

In addition to those DR peptides described above, additional HLA-DR.B1-binding peptides that span the NQMNLGATL, NLMNLGATL and NLMNLGATL epitopes were designed and evaluated (Table 3):

TABLE 3 Predictive binding scores of the peptides to HLA-DR.B1 SYFPEITHI DR.B1- DR.B1- DR.B1- DR.B1- DR.B1- DR.B1- 0101 0301 0401 0701 1101 1501 Native cmtwNQMNLGATLkg 17 1 16 10 16 4 (SEQ ID NO: 8) mtwNQMNLGATLkgv 17 11 6 8 0 8 (SEQ ID NO: 12) twNQMNLGATLkgva 18 2 12 0 7 8 (SEQ ID NO: 13) wNQMNLGATLkgvaa 17 13 14 16 13 24 (SEQ ID NO: 9) Het24-1 cmtwNLMNLGATLkg 18 2 16 10 16 4 (SEQ ID NO: 14) mtwNLMNLGATLkgv 17 13 6 8 0 8 (SEQ ID NO: 15) twNLMNLGATLkgva 26 12 20 8 13 18 (SEQ ID NO: 16) wNLMNLGATLkgvaa 17 13 14 16 13 24 (SEQ ID NO: 17) Het24-2 cmtwNYMNLGATLkg 17 1 16 10 16 4 (SEQ ID NO: 10) mtwNYMNLGATLkgv 17 11 6 8 0 8 (SEQ ID NO: 19) twNYMNLGATLkgva 28 2 22 10 17 8 (SEQ ID NO: 20) wNYMNLGATLkgvaa 17 13 14 16 13 24 (SEQ ID NO: 11) DR.B1- DR.B1- DR.B1- DR.B1- DR.B1- DR.B1- RANKPEP 0101 0301 0401 0701 1101 1501 cmtwNQMNLGATLkgva 10.188; 3.577; 13.521; 7.85; 21.138; 1.731; Native 21.12% 8.78% 30.67% 15.27% 32.2% 4.14% (SEQ ID NO:21) Binder: Binder: Binder: wNQMN twNQM mtwNQ LGAT NLGA MNLG (CMT- (CM- (C-ATL- LKG- TLK- 13aa) 15aa) 14aa) (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID NO: 28) NO: 24) NO: 26) cmtwNLMNLGATLkgva 9.377; 1 2.728; 11.145; 7.85; 22.089; 6.209; Het24-1 9.44% 6.7% 25.28% 15.27% 33.65% 14.84% (SEQ ID NO: 22) Binder: Binder: Binder: wNLMN MNLGA mtwNQ LGAT TLkg MNLG (CMT- (WNL- (C-ATL- LKG- VA- 13aa) 15aa) 14aa) (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID NO:28) NO: 25) NO: 27) cmtwNYMNLGATLkgva 7.184; 4.061; 11.145; 7.85; 18.539; 8.439; Het24-2 14.89% 9.97% 25.28% 15.27% 28.23% 20.17% (SEQ ID NO: 23) Binder: Binder: MNLGA mtwNQ TLkg MNLG (WNY- (C-ATL- VA- 13aa) 14aa) (SEQ ID (SEQ ID NO: 28) NO: 18)

Example 7. Generation of Peptides Derived from WTI Oncoprotein that Bind to Human HLA-B7 Class I and HLA-Dr Class II Molecules

Peptides were also designed that that bind to HLA-B0702 (Table 4). The following peptide sequences were designed: RQRPHPGAL (B7-Native 1; SEQ ID NO:34), RLRPHPGAL (B7-het-1; SEQ ID NO:37), RIRPHPGAL (B7-het-2; SEQ ID NO:38), GALRNPTAC (Native 2; SEQ ID NO:29), and GALRNPTAL (B7-het-3; SEQ ID NO:31). The predictive binding scores of these and other variants are shown in Table 4. These peptides were tested in vitro and stimulate heteroclitic T cell responses (FIG. 6). CD3 T cells from a HLA-B0702-positive donor were stimulated with 2 sets of peptides (total five) for 5 times in vitro. The peptide-specific response was measured by IFN-gamma ELISPOT assay, against individual peptide.

For the first set of peptides, both heteroclitic-1 and 2, induced the peptide-specific responses, but the cross reactivity to the native 1 (N1) peptide was stronger for the het-2 than the het-1 peptide. For the second set of the peptides, heteroclitic peptide induced strong IFN-g production, when challenged with the stimulating peptide, but no cross-reactivity to the native sequence was found.

TABLE 4 Predictive binding scores of B7 peptides to HLA-B7 and other haplotypes. RANKPEP SYFPEITHI- SYFPEITHI- B0702 SYFPEITHI- SYFPEITHI- SYFPEITHI- SYFPEITHI- SYFPEITHI- B- B- Score; % Opt B0702 A0201 A0301 A0101 B-08 2705 3902 1. GALRNPTAC −18.084 −44.75% 2 14  (p -118 to -110) (B5101) SEQ ID NO: 29 GYLRNPTAC −20.632 −51.06% All SEQ ID NO: 30 below 8 GALRNPTAL −9.401 −23.27% 12 18 8 16 17 20 SEQ ID NO: 31 (B5101) YALRNPTAC −14.528 −35.95% 10 All SEQ ID NO: 32 below 10 GLLRNPTAC −20.18 −49.94% 2 14 18 14 SEQ ID NO: 33 2. RQRPHPGAL −3.687 −9.12% 15 13 13 17 14 23 (p -125 to -117) (1501) SEQ ID NO: 34 RYRPHPGAL −4.517 −11.18% 15 13 13 17 SEQ ID NO: 35 YQRPHPGAL −5.618 −13.90% 15 SEQ ID NO: 36 RLRPHPGAL −4.065 −10.06% 15 23 23 23 17 SEQ ID NO: 37 (B37) RIRPHPGAL −2.674 −6.62% 15 21 21 21 SEQ ID NO: 38 BIMAS-B7 GALRNPTAC 0.3 SEQ ID NO: 30 GALRNPTAL 12 SEQ ID NO: 31 RQRPHPGAL 40 SEQ ID NO: 34 RLRPHPGAL 40 SEQ ID NO: 37 RIRPHPGAL 40 SEQ ID NO: 38

Based in the finding that the native peptides RQRPHPGAL (p-125 to -117; SEQ ID NO:34) and GALRNPTAC (p-118 to -110; SEQ ID NO:29) induce T cells responses in the context of HLA-B7 molecule, using HLA-binding prediction algorithms, one heteroclitic peptide for the GALRNPTAC peptide was designed (SEQ ID NO:31), and two heteroclitic peptides for RQRPHPGAL (SEQ ID NOS:37 and 38). Based on the binding prediction, these peptides may also be able to stimulate T cells in the context of other HLA haplotypes, such as: A0201, A0301, B8, B1501, B37 and B5101 (Table 4).

Example 8. Generation of Peptides Derived from WTI Oncoprotein that Bind to Human HLA-B35, A0101, A0301, A1101 Class I and HLA-DR Class II Molecules

Peptide QFPNHSFKHEDPMGQ (p170-182) (SEQ ID NO:39) induces T cells response in the context of HLA-DR.B1 0301 and 0401. The short sequences imbedded within the long peptide, HSFKHEDPM, induces T cell response in the context of B3501. Based on the predictions by the HLA-binding prediction algorithms, one heteroclitic long peptide was designed, which is the extension of the het-B35-1 short peptide.

The sequences of the peptides are: Class II peptide: DR.B1-03/04-Native: QFPNHSFKHEDPM (SEQ ID NO:42), DR.B1-03/04-Het: QFPNHSFKHEDPY (SEQ ID NO:43; Class I peptides: 1. Native: HSFKHEDPM (SEQ ID NO:40), 2. Het-01/03-1: HSFKHEDPY (for A0101 and A0301) (SEQ ID NO:41), and 3. Het-03/11-1 HSFKHEDPK (for A0301 and A1101) (SEQ ID NO:42). Heteroclitic peptides for the HLA-B3501 haplotype were tested in silico (Table 5).

TABLE 5 Predictive binding scores of the natural peptides to HLA-DR.B1-0301,  0402 and B3501, A0101, A0301 and A1101. Class II DR.B1- DR.B1- DR.B1- DR.B1- DR.B1- DR.B1- SYFPEITHI (15 mer) 0101 0301 0401 0701 1101 1501 QFPNHSFKHEDPMGQ 8 2 12 0 14 14 SEQ ID NO: 39 RANKPEP QFPNHSFKHEDPMGQ −1.949; −2.786; 6.717; 15.23% −4.04; 3.393; 8.864; SEQ ID NO: 39 −4.04% −6.84% (0401) −8.56% 5.17% 21.18% 6.165; 13.82% (0402) Class I SYFPEITHI BIMAS RANKPEP HSFKHEDPM (B35-native) SEQ ID NO: 40 B3501 N/A 10 −3.568; −8.95% A0101 4 0.002 −16.2; −26.61% A0301 0 0.005 −3.832; −10.86% A1101 11 0 −12.047; −30.69% HSFKHEDPY (B35-het1) SEQ ID NO: 41 B3501 N/A 10 −2.86; −7.18% Cleaved A0101 19 0.075 −5.164; −8.48% Cleaved A0301 6 0.1 7.127; 20.20% Cleaved A1101 11 0 0.433; 1.1% Cleaved HSFKHEDPK (B35-het-2) SEQ ID NO: 42 B3501 N/A 0.05 −11.223; −28.16% A0101 4 0.03 −15.83; −26% A0301 10 0.5 −8.783; 24.77% A1101 21 0.04 4.316; 11%

Example 9. Generation of Peptides Derived from WT1 Oncoprotein that Bind to Human HLA-A1, A3, A11 Class I and HLA-DR.B1-0401 Class II Molecules

Peptide KRPFMCAYPGCNK (320-332) (SEQ ID NO:44) was shown to induce T cell response in the context of HLA-DR.B1 0401. The short sequence imbedded within the long peptide, FMCAYPGCN (SEQ ID NO:45), induces T cell response in the context of B35, B7 and A0101 (Table 6). The binding scores were investigated of the peptides to multiple HLA haplotypes using prediction algorithms. One heteroclitic long peptide was designed, which is the extension of the het-1 short peptide. Two short heteroclitic peptides were designed that bind better to HLA-A0101, 0301 and 1101. The sequences of the peptides are: Class II peptide: DR.B1-04 Native: KRPFMCAYPGCNK (SEQ ID NO:44), DR.B1-04 het: KRPFMCAYPGCYK (SEQ ID NO:46); Class I peptides: 1. Native: FMCAYPGCN (SEQ ID NO:45), 2. DR.B1-04-Het-1 short: FMCAYPGCY (for A0101) (SEQ ID NO:47), 3. DR.B1-04-Het-2-short: FMCAYPGCK (for A0301 and A1101) (SEQ ID NO:48). KRPFMCAYPGCYK (SEQ ID NO:46) is the extension of DR.B1-04-het 1 short, FMCAYPGCN (SEQ ID NO:45), in which the end of the sequences CN becomes CY.

TABLE 6 Predictive binding scores of the peptides to HLA-DR.B1-0401 and  B35, B7, A0101, A0301 and A1101. HLA-DR.B1 DR.B1- SYFPEITHI (15 mer) 0101 0301 0401 0701 1101 1501 KRPFMCAYPGCNKRY 16 8 22 16 10 16 SEQ ID NO: 49 KRPFMCAYPGCYKRY 16 16 16 22 10 12 SEQ ID NO: 55 SEKRPFMCAYPGCNK 15 0 0 0 12 8 SEQ ID NO: 50 RANKPEP KRPFMCAYPGCNK 5.381; −9.13; 3.131; −0.486; 0.756; 4.199; SEQ ID NO: 44 11.15% −22.35% 7.1% −0.95% 1.15% 10.04% Class I SYFPEITHI BIMAS RANKPEP FMCAYPGCN (native) SEQ ID NO: 45 A0101 0 0.005 -4.165; -6.84% B7 1 0.02 -21.654; 53.59% B35 N/A N/A -23.926; -60.03% A0301 4 0.018 -2.503; -7.09% A1101 8 0 -2.509; 5.25% FMCAYPGCY (DR.B1-04- hetl-short) SEQ ID NO: 47 A0101 15 0.25 6.613; 10.86% Cleaved B7 1 0.02 -13.887; 34.37%, cleaved B35 N/A 0.02 -11.078; 27.8% A0301 10 3.6 7.557; 21.42%, cleaved A1101 8 0.004 9.516; 24.24%, cleaved FMCAYPGCK (DR.B1-04- Het-2 short) SEQ ID NO: 48 A0101 0 0.1 4.053; −6.66% B7 1 0.01 −20.85, 51.71% B35 N/A 0.01 −21.886; 47.27% A0301 14 18 9.168; 25.99% A1101 18 0.4 8.883; 22.09%

Example 10. Additional Cross-Reactivity Studies

An ELISPOT assay was conducted using donor SA after 5 stimulations for the Het24-1 (SEQ ID NO:6) and Het24-2 (SEQ ID NO:7) A24 peptides, in comparison to the native sequence (SEQ ID NO:5). As shown in FIG. 7, the heteroclitic peptides generate cross-reactive responses. 

1. (canceled)
 2. The isolated peptide of claim 19 consisting of the amino acid sequence selected from among CMTWNYMNLGATLKG (SEQ ID NO: 10), WNYMNLGATLKGVAA (SEQ ID NO:11), WNYMNLGATLKGVAA (SEQ ID NO:19), TWNYMNLGATLKGVA (SEQ ID NO:20), and CMTWNYMNLGATLKGVA (SEQ ID NO:23).
 3. (canceled)
 4. The isolated peptide of claim 19 comprising the amino acid sequence selected from among CMTWNYMNLGATLKG (SEQ ID NO: 10), WNYMNLGATLKGVAA (SEQ ID NO:11), WNYMNLGATLKGVAA (SEQ ID NO:19), TWNYMNLGATLKGVA (SEQ ID NO:20), and CMTWNYMNLGATLKGVA (SEQ ID NO:23).
 5. The isolated peptide of claim 19, wherein said isolated peptide binds to an HLA class I molecule, an HLA class II molecule, or the combination thereof.
 6. (canceled)
 7. (canceled)
 8. An isolated class II binding peptide selected from CMTWNYMNLGATLKG (SEQ ID NO:10), WNYMNLGATLKGVAA (SEQ ID NO:11), MTWNYMNLGATLKGV (SEQ ID NO:19), TWNYMNLGATLKGVA (SEQ ID NO:20), and CMTWNYMNLGATLKGVA (SEQ ID NO:23).
 9. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a peptide of claim 19 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, vehicle or excipient.
 10. A vaccine comprising (a) one or more isolated peptides of claim 19, and (b) an adjuvant or a carrier.
 11. The vaccine of claim 10, wherein said adjuvant is QS21, Freund's incomplete adjuvant, aluminum phosphate, aluminum hydroxide, BCG, alum, a growth factor, a cytokine, a chemokine, an interleukin, Montanide ISA 51, or GM-CSF.
 12. A method of treating a subject with a WT1-expressing cancer or reducing an incidence of a WT1-expressing cancer, or its relapse, the method comprising administering to said subject the vaccine of claim 10, thereby treating a subject with a WT1-expressing cancer, reducing an incidence of a WT1-expressing cancer or its relapse therein.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein said WT1-expressing cancer is a leukemia, a desmoplastic small round cell tumor, a gastric cancer, a colon cancer, a lung cancer, a breast cancer, a germ cell tumor, an ovarian cancer, a uterine cancer, a thyroid cancer, a liver cancer, a renal cancer, a Kaposi's sarcoma, a sarcoma, a hepatocellular carcinoma, a Wilms' tumor, an acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), a myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), mesothelioma, or a non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
 14. A method of inducing the formation and proliferation of CTL specific for cells of a WT1-expressing cancer, the method comprising administering to said subject the vaccine of claim 10, thereby inducing the formation and proliferation of CTL specific for cells of a WT1-expressing cancer.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein said WT1-expressing cancer is a leukemia, a desmoplastic small round cell tumor, a gastric cancer, a colon cancer, a lung cancer, a breast cancer, a germ cell tumor, an ovarian cancer, a uterine cancer, a thyroid cancer, a liver cancer, a renal cancer, a Kaposi's sarcoma, a sarcoma, a hepatocellular carcinoma, a Wilms' tumor, an acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), a myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), mesothelioma, or a non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
 16. A composition comprising (a) an antigen-presenting cell and (b) a peptide of claim
 19. 17. (canceled)
 18. (canceled)
 19. An isolated peptide comprising the amino acid sequence NYMNLGATL (SEQ ID NO:7) other than the isolated peptide consisting of the amino acid sequence NYMNLGATL (SEQ ID NO:7).
 20. An isolated peptide of claim 2 consisting of the amino acid sequence WNYMNLGATLKGVAA (SEQ ID NO:11).
 21. An isolated class II binding peptide having the sequence WNYMNLGATLKGVAA (SEQ ID NO:11).
 22. A nucleic acid molecule encoding a peptide comprising the isolated peptide of claim
 19. 23. A vector comprising the nucleic acid molecule of claim
 22. 24. The vector of claim 23, further comprising an immunomodulatory compound.
 25. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the nucleic acid of claim 22 or a vector thereof.
 26. A method of treating a subject with a WT1-expressing cancer or reducing an incidence of a WT1-expressing cancer, or its relapse, the method comprising administering to said subject the nucleic acid of claim 22 or a vector thereof, thereby treating a subject with a WT1-expressing cancer, reducing an incidence of a WT1-expressing cancer or its relapse therein.
 27. The method of claim 26, wherein said WT1-expressing cancer is a leukemia, a desmoplastic small round cell tumor, a gastric cancer, a colon cancer, a lung cancer, a breast cancer, a germ cell tumor, an ovarian cancer, a uterine cancer, a thyroid cancer, a liver cancer, a renal cancer, a Kaposi's sarcoma, a sarcoma, a hepatocellular carcinoma, a Wilms' tumor, an acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), a myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), mesothelioma or a non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). 